<p>The Old Jeffersonville Historic District is located in Jeffersonville, Indiana, United States. It marks the original boundaries of Jeffersonville, and is the heart of modern-day downtown Jeffersonville. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The area is roughly bounded by Court Avenue at the North, Graham Street on the east, the Ohio River at the south, and Interstate 65 at the west. In total, the district has 203 acres , 500 buildings, 6 structures, and 11 objects. Several banks are located in the historic buildings in the district. The now defunct Steamboat Days Festival, held on the second weekend in September, used to be held on Spring Street and the waterfront. Jeffersonvilles largest fire wiped out a block in the historic district on January 11, 2004 which destroyed the original Horners Novelty store.</p><br>
<p>Several important buildings are located in the district. At Warder Park the old Carnegie Library still stands, one of many built throughout Indiana in the early 20th Century. Across Spring Street from Warder Park is the Old Masonic Temple, built in the early 20th Century, with a majestic marble staircase. The local office of the Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana maintains the historic Grisamore House, its former office, and the Willey-Allhands House, its current office, which are located beside each other. Schimpffs Confectionery is well known its candies, especially its red-hots and Modjelskas (a caramel-covered marshmallow confection). Horners Novelty, a long-time commercial supplier of party supplies and costumes that was rebuilt after a fire, is also included in the landmark boundaries.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first settlement in what later became Jeffersonville was just above the Falls of the Ohio, the only natural barrier along the entire length of the Ohio River. Because of its location above the falls, Jeffersonville has the deepest harbor of any nearby town. The settlement was established in 1786 at Finney, near the present day Big Four Bridge. In June 1802, Lieutenant Isaac Bowman had 150 acre of land, known as Section No. 1, awarded to him for his service in the American Revolutionary War as part of Clark&#39;s Grant.</p><br>
<p>Jeffersonville started as three streets that paralleled the Ohio River: Water Street (gone), Front Street (Riverside Drive) and Market Street.</p><br>
<p>In 1802 John Gwathemey was appointed to plat the land north of Market Street using a plan devised by Thomas Jefferson. This plan deviated from Jefferson&#39;s original with the use of diagonal streets in the open checkerboard. By 1816 this plan proved to be unworkable and was re-platted by order of the Indiana Legislature (An Act to Change the Plan of the Town of Jeffersonville) in 1817.</p><br>
<p>In 1836 a Cincinnati civil engineer (H. L. Barnum) was hired to plot the northern expansion of the town. This plan was again an attempt to use Jefferson&#39;s original. The plan was rejected by the town council and another plan from a local civil engineer (Edmund F. Lee) was accepted. At the time Cincinnati was the major town in the area and subsequent map makers used the Barnum map as their primary source. Consequently, most maps of Jeffersonville from 1837 to about 1852 are in error.</p><br>
<p>From its heyday of the 1850s until the Great Depression in the 1930s, Jeffersonville was the leading center of USA steamboat production, due largely to its excellent harbor, which remained the deepest in the surrounding area. Many individuals who lived in the district worked at the Howard Shipyards, that became Jeffboat in the nearby town of Port Fulton, which was eventually annexed into Jeffersonville. The town gained its first railroad in 1852, connecting to Columbus, Indiana, and with the opening of the Fourteenth Street Bridge in 1870, became a railroad center. The city became an important distribution center during the Civil War for the Union Army, because three railroads connected to Jeffersonville and because the Ohio River served as a defensive barrier against invasion from Confederate attack, it was deemed a safer location than the more vulnerable city of Louisville, Kentucky located on the southern side of the river.</p><br>
<p>Most of the buildings still standing in the district were built after 1870. The majority of the commercial buildings along Spring Street are Italianate styles and Gothic Revival churches reflecting the large immigrations from Ireland and Germany that came during the time period. The residential buildings are generally of the American Four Square style, bungalows, and shotgun houses.</p><br>
<p>Until the mid-1950s, the district was a significant commercial area, including a J.C.Penney department store. However, with the construction of Youngstown Shopping Center 1.5 mi northwest of the downtown area on 10th Street/Indiana State Road 62, the district began its decline. The decline was completed when Green Tree Mall was built in the 1960s, taking Penney&#39;s with it. By the 1980s over twenty store fronts were empty, leaving the bulk of the stores in the district occupied by antique shops, thrift stores, or repair technicians.</p><br>
<h2>Streets</h2><br>
<p>The district is served by a northwest/southeast primary road called Spring Street. From Spring Street are five secondary streets going southwest to northeast; starting from the Ohio River and going the north the secondary streets are Riverside Drive, Market Street, Chestnut Street, Maple Street, and ending with Court Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Spring Street, a typical commercial 19th century corridor, is the primary roadway within the district. Most buildings along Spring Street are Italianate and eclectic Victorian. The structure vary between two and three stories tall, with brick as the most common building material. The 100 block is the closest to the Ohio River and has seen the most demolition. It contains the Old Strauss Hotel at the corner of Riverside Drive, a three-story Italianate hostelry with a corbeled cornice and arched windows. The buildings on the 200 block are mostly Italianate style buildings, the most notable being the old Elks Club structure (a three-story highly decorated glazed brick building) and the Bensingers Building (a 1920s commercial building of pressed brick and crenelated parapet). There is more diverse architecture on the 300-block, with a 19th-century Masonic Temple, the LaRose Theatre (a 1920s orange glazed brick structure with terra cotta trim), Horners Novelty (which had to be rebuilt after the worst fire in Jeffersonvilles history), and Schimpff&#39;s Confectionery, a candy store that opened in 1891 that now also features a small candy museum. More Italianate structures are on the 400 block, but its most important structure is the 1907 Citizens National Bank Building, which is stone Classical Revival with large eagles for adornment. The block also holds the regional office for the local Boy Scouts of America council. Warder Park is located on the east side of the 500 block and features a Classical Revival Masonic Temple that used for most of the 20th Century.</p><br>
<p>At the southeast end of Spring Street is Riverside Drive, which provides some of the most scenic views of the Ohio River and the eastern Louisville shoreline because of the limited alterations compared to other sections of the Ohio River in the Louisville area. Houseboats are docked along the Ohio River on the south side of Riverside Drive. The north side of Riverside Drive has a variety of architectural styles and is mostly residential. Unlike the other prominent streets, Riverside drive is outside the flood-wall that surrounds most of the city and was built two feet higher than the height the Ohio River flood of 1937.</p><br>
<p>Market Street is largely residential, its 200 block has many vacant areas, but the 300–500 blocks features many shotgun houses. As Market Streets proceeds eastward out of the district, it becomes known as Utica Pike near the Howard Steamboat Museum and connects Jeffersonville with Utica, Indiana. North of Market Street, few buildings remain that date before 1850, making the character of the district during the early time frame unknowable.</p><br>
<p>Chestnut Street is also largely residential. The 200 block of West Chestnut features old supports for the Big Four Bridge and the 100 block of West Chestnut holds the Grisamore House, which was separately placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. On East Chestnut, the 100 block contains many houses built around 1900 and the 200 block is filled with bungalows. St. Augustine Roman Catholic Church, a Spanish-flavored neo-Baroque structure with a Moorish-styled rectory, is located on the 300 block of East Chestnut. Another church is located on the 400 block including the Gothic Revival style First Presbyterian Church (with lancet windows and belltower), and a typical Works Progress Administration Art Modern school whose cruciform plan has a stuccoed facade and metal casement windows.</p><br>
<p>Maple Street features more commercial enterprises than the previous southwest/northeast streets. The 100 block of West Maple Street is dominated by parking lots and a funeral home. The Olde Towne Grocery, originally built in the 1920s as a Krogers and later an A&P, and a collectibles store named Hockeyman&#39;s are located across from each other on the 100 block of East Maple. The 200 block of East Maple Street is mostly residential, with four large Victorian homes and a large office building used by the Indiana Bell Telephone Company. The 300–800 blocks of East Maple are residential and are mostly American Four-Square in construction. The blocks also contain a few Gothic-Revival churches,</p><br>
<p>The northernmost street is Court Avenue, sections of which are part of the historic district and others, having seen new construction, are not part of the district; only the 100 West, 100 East, and 700–900 East Blocks of Court Avenue are in the district. This allows for Warder Park and eastern residential areas, but not the current Jeffersonville Township Public Library and the Clark County Courthouse. This was the site of the Falls City Area Center, a community college that eventually moved to New Albany and became Indiana University Southeast. Warder Park was also the site of an important Civil War bakery, which furnished hardtack for thousands of Union soldiers.</p><br>
<p>File:Jeff Spring Street.jpgSpring Street of the Historic District</p><br>
<p>File:Willey-Allhands House.jpgWilley-Allhands House</p><br>
<p>File:2004 fire in the historical district of Jeffersonville, Indiana.jpgFire in 2004 that destroyed Horner&#39;s</p><br>
<p>The 1696 Thomas Massey House is one of the oldest English Quaker homes in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is a 2-story brick and stone house, originally constructed by the English, Quaker settler, Thomas Massey in 1696. It is located on Lawrence Road near Sproul Road in Broomall, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>Thomas Massey</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Massey was born in the village of Marpoole (Marple) in Cheshire, England. He was a Quaker and an indentured servant to Francis Stanfield, who arranged for him and seven other indentured servants to emigrate to America. Thomas set sail from Chester, England aboard the ketch "Endeavor". He landed in Philadelphia, PA on September 29, 1683 at the age of twenty. After Thomas worked off his indenture, he received 50 acre of land from his master and another 50 acres from William Penn. In 1692, at age 29, Thomas married 22-year-old, Phebe Taylor, whom he had met aboard the Endeavor. Together they had seven children: Esther (1693), Mordecai (1695), James (1697), Hannah (1699), Thomas (1701), Phoebe (1705) and Mary (1707). Thomas Massey died in 1707/08 and Phebe remarried two years later. Their oldest son, Mordecai inherited the house and it remained in the Massey family until 1925.</p><br>
<h2>Building history</h2><br>
<p>Thomas Massey built the original brick section in 1696 as an addition to an earlier wooden house. Thomas&#39;s son Mordecai Massey likely tore down the wooden house and built the first stone addition during the 1730s. A stone walled kitchen was added in the early nineteenth century with a second story above the kitchen added about 1860.</p><br>
<p>The house remained in the Massey family until 1925, and was used as a farmhouse into the 1930s when a furnace and electrical wiring were added. When the land around the house was developed into suburban housing, the Massey House was used for storage and painting.</p><br>
<p>In 1964, the house was saved from demolition by Masseys descendant, Lawrence M.C. Smith. Smith bought the house and 1 acre of ground and donated the property to Marple Township on condition that it be restored within ten years. The restoration was completed by architect, John Milner. During the restoration, a walk-in-fireplace and beehive oven were uncovered. Many of the homes original features have been restored and are fully functional.</p><br>
<p>The house was placed on the National Register of Historical Places in 1970 and is listed on the Historical American Building Survey. A Pennsylvania historical marker was dedicated on the site on May 9, 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Tours and events</h2><br>
<p>The house is open to the public for tours from April through October on Sundays from 1 to 4 PM. It is seasonally decorated and furnished with authentic 17th and 18th century items, including some of the home&#39;s original fixtures, such as: cabinetry, furniture, cookware and dinnerware, books and tools.</p><br>
<p>Special events such as: lectures, demonstrations, dinners, cooking classes, gardening presentations and social gatherings are held throughout the year. At dinner events, an authentic colonial meal is prepared in the kitchen and served in the home.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Alfred-Faure or Port Alfred is a permanent French scientific station on Île de la Possession  of the subantarctic Crozet Archipelago in the South Indian Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Research Station</h2><br>
<p>It is located at the eastern end of the island on a plateau 143 m (460 ft) above sea level. Depending on the season, there are between 15-60 personnel working at the base. Their scientific work includes meteorological, seismic, biological and geological research.</p><br>
<p>The research station was first established during the austral summer of 1963-64. It replaced a temporary scientific base that was built in 1961. The new station was named after Alfred Faure who was the site&#39;s leader in the early 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Alfred-Faure is visited a few times a year by the Marion Dufresne, an oceanographic research vessel which delivers supplies and rotating crews of scientists. There is a 1.6 km road that connects the research station to the coast. There is also an aerial cableway that runs up from the coast to the station.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The Perry L. Biddle House is a historic house located at 203 Scribner Avenue in DeFuniak Springs, Florida. It is locally significant as one of the best examples of the houses constructed in an early subdivision of DeFuniak Springs, outside of the heavy development which took place around Lake DeFuniak, and is also a good example of Frame Vernacular construction.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1887 by Perry L. Biddle, who settled in DeFuniak Springs about 1886. The house is a large symmetrical design that displays a cross gable roof with a simple frieze that encircles the building. The original, two-story primary unit has the shape of a MT," and a roof covered with tin standing seam panels, which appear to have replaced the original pressed-metal shingles.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Grisamore House is a historic home located in downtown Jeffersonville, Indiana. It was built by two brothers from Philadelphia, David and Wilson Grisamore, in 1837. It is a 2 1/2-story, Federal style brick double house with Greek Revival style design elements. The front facade features three stucco-coated, two-story Doric order columns in antis and two projecting second story balconies. It has housed several Jeffersonville families of importance. Future president William Henry Harrison gave a speech on the front porch in 1840 while campaigning to become president.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s it was the Decker Art Studio.</p><br>
<p>It suffered fire damage in 1981, but was saved from destruction by the Jeff-Clark Preservation, Inc. In 1983 it was added to National Register of Historic Places. It is now part of the Old Jeffersonville Historic District, and houses private businesses. The Historic Landmarks Foundation of Indiana formerly had its Southern Indiana regional office here before they relocated the Willey House next to the Grisamore House.</p><br>
<p>St Luke&#39;s Church of England, Brisbane is a heritage-listed former church and now restaurant at 18 Charlotte Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by John Smith Murdoch and built in by John Steward & Co. It is also known as Pancake Manor. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was purchased in 1903 by the Church of England for a new mission church. Prior to this, the mission had rented rooms throughout Brisbane and St Lukes provided its first permanent home. On 3 February 1904 the foundation stone of St Lukes Church was laid by His Excellency, Sir Herbert Chermside, Governor of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>St Lukes served as a temporary cathedral between the demolition of St Johns Pro-Cathedral, 1904 and the opening of St Johns Cathedral in 1910. Architect, John Smith Murdoch, was commissioned to design a church which would utilise fully the limited site area. Murdoch, who was an architect for the Queensland Works Department (1894-1903); Chief Architect for Home Affairs (1919-1922) and Chief Architect of the Commonwealth (1926-30) took leave of absence to design St Lukes and Webber House.</p><br>
<p>St Lukes was purpose built for the Mission headquarters, providing meeting rooms in the basement. John Steward & Co constructed St Lukes which was dedicated on 14 August 1904 by the Administrator, the Venerable Arthur Evan David, Archdeacon of Brisbane. On St Thomas Day, 21 December 1904, St Clair George Alfred Donaldson was enthroned as Bishop of Brisbane in St Luke&#39;s. The ceremony was well attended by prominent clergy members and, as the church could only seat 402 people, entry was restricted to ticket holders only.</p><br>
<p>After 1910 St Luke&#39;s served its intended purpose as the headquarters of the Anglican Church Mission. The Mission was an evangelistic group which worked amongst the disadvantaged supplying food and shelter for the destitute and saving young girls from moral degradation. It also provided ministering to districts without parishes or churches. It ran several youth clubs, including the Newsboys Club, providing social companionship and spiritual guidance for the members. In 1908 the Overseas Girls Club was founded and later the hall was used as a meeting and recreational venue for the Girls Friendly Society.</p><br>
<p>During the First World War Canon David Garland, resident Chaplain of St Lukes, was Director of the Soldiers Church of England Help Society and the Mission corresponded with servicemen at the front. An Anzac Club was opened at St Lukes for returned soldiers and the hall was used for Sunday teas and dances. On 18 June 1917 a Nurses Honour Board was unveiled in St Luke&#39;s War Chapel in recognition of those who served in World War I.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War St Luke&#39;s provided a meeting place and Saturday night dances for soldiers stationed in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>St Lukes remained the Mission Headquarters until the 1950s and the meeting place of the Synod of the Diocese until 1977, after which St Lukes was no longer needed for church purposes.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 St Luke&#39;s Church was converted into a restaurant, the Pancake Manor.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Lukes is a finely detailed brick building in the Romanesque style whose predominant feature is the massive relieving archway containing vertical openings at the end of the chancel. It has a complicated roof form combining both hips and gables, along with a small octagonal tower near the entry. The roof sheeting is rolled iron. The plain brickwork is punctuated by bands of different coloured brick and the occasional use of stone around windows and doors. The building has the unusual arrangement of having entries to both floor levels at the chancel end in an attempt to optimise the buildings orientation. The major entry to the upper church level is defined by a recessed porch.</p><br>
<p>The exterior and interior finishes of the building are particularly intact, despite the building&#39;s change of use, installation of kitchen facilities, and inappropriate interior door and external signage.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Luke&#39;s was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Luke&#39;s was purpose built as a hall with meeting rooms to assist the Church of England Mission in its role of providing Christian charity to the community and ministering to districts without parishes or churches.</p><br>
<p>St Luke&#39;s has religious significance as the Anglican Pro-Cathedral, 1904-1910, as the Mission Headquarters, 1904-1950s, and as the meeting place of the Synod of the Diocese until 1977 and socially significant as a recreational venue for Anglican youth groups and World War I and World War 2 veterans.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The quality of its polychrome brickwork and picturesque roof forms make the building visually appealing, and is a successful example of a building designed to fulfil the dual purpose of both Mission headquarters and Church.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The quality of its polychrome brickwork and picturesque roof forms make the building visually appealing, and is a successful example of a building designed to fulfil the dual purpose of both Mission headquarters and Church.</p><br>
<p>The scale and materials of this building form a visual complement to the other buildings in the precinct, notably the red facebrick facades of John Mills Himself and the John Reid and Nephews buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The quality of its polychrome brickwork and picturesque roof forms make the building visually appealing, and is a successful example of a building designed to fulfil the dual purpose of both Mission headquarters and Church.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Luke&#39;s has religious significance as the Anglican Pro-Cathedral, 1904-1910, as the Mission Headquarters, 1904-1950s, and as the meeting place of the Synod of the Diocese until 1977 and socially significant as a recreational venue for Anglican youth groups and World War I and World War 2 veterans.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The church was designed by John S Murdoch who was commissioned by the Anglican Diocese of Brisbane to design St Luke&#39;s and Webber House in 1904.</p><br>
<p>The Henry French House, also known as the Salmon-French House, is a historic house located in the Port Fulton area of Jeffersonville, Clark County, Indiana in the United States. It was built about 1832, and is a two-story, Federal style brick dwelling with a rear ell added about 1839 to form an I-house. It has some Colonial Revival style design elements.</p><br>
<h2>Henry French</h2><br>
<p>Henry French (born December 19, 1812, in Philadelphia – May 4, 1878) was one of the first steamboat builders in the area. Between himself, his father Daniel French, and his brothers William and George, twenty steamboats were built at Port Fulton. Eventually, his business was swallowed by the larger Howard enterprise.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In 1989, the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It is a private residence, and the current occupants have renovated it in a fashion similar to its original state.</p><br>
<p>San Marcos is an island located in the northern portion of Baja California Sur, México. It faces the town of Santa Rosalía on the Gulf of California near Isla Tortuga. The only town on the island is also named San Marcos. The island has a land area of 28.748 km² , the 18th-largest island in Mexico. Its population as of the 2005 census was 425 inhabitants. It is part of the Mulegé Municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>San Marcos is located at .</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>A 1,125 meter long private-use dirt airstrip is located on the South coast of Isla San Marcos.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Fishing is the main attraction, being roughly in the middle of the Gulf of California.</p><br>
<h2>World War 2</h2><br>
<p>During World War II the area was heavily mined for gypsum which had many uses in the war.</p><br>
<p>Sungei Punggol  is a river located within the North-East Region in Singapore.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Other than Punggol New Town, the river flows through 7 other towns in the late 1990s and early 2000s, much of the river banks along Sungei Punggol have since been reclaimed and the river canalised. Since 2011, it is now part of the Punggol Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Developments</h2><br>
<p>To better serve the recreational needs of the residents of Sengkang New Town, a network of green connectors have been built along the banks of Sungei Punggol. These connectors link the housing precincts to neighbourhood parks, the town park and Sengkang Sports and Recreational Centre in the new town. These park connectors are also linked to the Coney Island Park in Punggol New Town and the existing Punggol Park in Hougang.</p><br>
<p>An artificial man-made floating island has been constructed in the middle of the river in the Sengkang part of the river.</p><br>
<p>The estuary of Sungei Punggol has also been dammed to form a reservoir, in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Koksilah Ridge is an elevated area located south of the Cowichan Valley on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. It is centered at 48°42′N, 123°47′W. Its summit lies about 892 m above sea level. It is visible in most of the Cowichan Valley and on the Saanich Peninsula north of Brentwood Bay. As seen from North Saanich or Sidney, it is plough-shaped, with long gentle slopes.</p><br>
<p>From north to south, the bedrock lithology begins with Cretaceous-era sedimentary rock, chiefly shale, sandstone and conglomerate. These sediments extend up to about 250 –. Above them lies a pluton of Jurassic-age granodiorite, which underlies the summit. Around the eastern, southern and western edges of this pluton is a complex association of Pennsylvanian-era argillite, greywacke, chert and diabase.</p><br>
<p>Soils of Koksilah Ridge are well or rapidly drained gravelly sandy loams and gravelly loamy sands with podzol profile development. They support Coastal Western Hemlock-type forests in which Douglas-fir and western hemlock are most common at lower elevations. These forests are classified under the provincial Biogeoclimactic Ecosystem Classification as Coastal Western Hemlock, Very Dry Maritime Subzone (CWHxm2). Areas above 700 m are mapped as Coastal Western Hemlock, Moist Maritime Subzone (CWHmm2), with abundant Douglas-fir, amabilis fir, and western hemlock.</p><br>
<p>The forest industry has been active on Koksilah Ridge for many years and the native forest is interrupted by logged-off areas of varying size. These clear cuts are prominent when a snow cover is present. Snow may lie on the higher parts for up to six months over a severe winter, but is seen on only a few days through a mild winter.</p><br>
<p>The Sierra Madre de Chiapas  is a major mountain range in Central America. The Sierra Madre de Chiapas is part of the American Cordillera, a chain of mountain ranges  that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of North America, Central America, and South America.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The range runs northwest–southeast from the state of Chiapas in Mexico, across western Guatemala, into El Salvador and Honduras. Most of the volcanoes of Guatemala, part of the Central America Volcanic Arc, are within the range.</p><br>
<p>A narrow coastal plain lies south the range, between the Sierra Madre and the Pacific Ocean. To the north lie a series of highlands and depressions, including the Chiapas Depression, which separates the Sierra Madre from the Chiapas Plateau, the Guatemalan Highlands, and Honduras&#39; interior highlands.</p><br>
<p>The range forms the main drainage divide between the Pacific and Atlantic river systems. On the Pacific side the distance to the sea is short, and the streams, while very numerous, are consequently small and rapid. A few of the streams of the Pacific slopes rise in the Guatemalan Highlands, and force a way through the Sierra Madre at the bottom of deep ravines. On the eastern side a number of the rivers of the Atlantic slopes attain a considerable volume and size.</p><br>
<h3>Regional names</h3><br>
<p>It is known near Guatemala city as the Sierra de las Nubes, and enters Mexico as the Sierra de Istatan. Its summit is not a well-defined crest, but is often rounded or flattened into a table-land. The direction of the great volcanic cones, which rise in an irregular line above it, is not identical with the main axis of the Sierra itself, except near the Mexican frontier, but has a more southerly trend, especially towards El Salvador.</p><br>
<h3>Volcanoes</h3><br>
<p>The base of many of the volcanic igneous peaks rests among the southern foothills in the southern region of the range. It is, however, impossible to subdivide the Sierra Madre into a northern and a volcanic chain; for the volcanoes are isolated by stretches of comparatively low country; at least thirteen considerable streams flow down between them, from the main watershed to the sea. Viewed from the coast, the volcanic cones seem to rise directly from the central heights of the Sierra Madre, above which they tower; but in reality their bases are, as a rule, farther south.</p><br>
<p>East of Volcán Tacana (4,092 meters) which marks the Mexican frontier, the principal volcanoes are Tajumulco (4,220 meters); Santa Maria (3,777 meters), which was in eruption during 1902, after centuries of quiescence, in which its slopes had been overgrown by dense forests; Atitlan (3,557 meters), overlooking Lake Atitlan; Acatenango (3,976 meters); Fuego (i.e. "fire," 3,763 meters), which received its name from its activity at the time of the Spanish conquest; Agua (i.e. "water," 3,765 meters), so named in 1541 because it destroyed the former capital of Guatemala with a deluge of water from its flooded crater; and Pacaya (2,550 meters), a group of igneous peaks which were in eruption in 1870. East of the Guatemalan border, the range forms the boundary between El Salvador and Honduras. In El Salvador, the volcanoes form a line well south of the range, where over twenty volcanoes form five clusters. Between the Sierra Madre and the Volcanic line lies a central plateau.</p><br>
<p>The Venice Seaboard Air Line Railway Station  is a historic former Seaboard Air Line Railroad depot located at 303 East Venice Avenue in Venice, Florida, USA. It is currently the southern trailhead of the Legacy Trail, which runs along the railroad&#39;s former right of way. It now serves as a hub for bus service operated by Sarasota County Area Transit . On August 17, 1989, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1870s, Richard Roberts established a homestead near Roberts Bay. In 1884, he sold a portion of his holdings to Frank Higel. Higel established a citrus operation involving the production of several lines of canned citrus items, and for the next 30 years the Higel family members were boat builders, fishermen, grove caretakers and contractors. Darwin Curry was the first postmaster. The Higel and Curry families chose the name "Venice" for their community post office, located south of Shakett Creek on what is now Portia Street in the unincorporated community of Nokomis.</p><br>
<p>The Seaboard Air Line (SAL) was the first railroad to expand its network into Sarasota County, Florida, extending tracks first to Sarasota in 1903 and Fruitville in 1905. The SAL extended their network into Venice in 1911, at the instigation of Mrs. Potter ("Bertha") Palmer, whose family had just purchased thousands of acres south of Fruitville and adjacent to the Venice area. The first depot in Venice was located originally at the junction of what is now Tampa and Nokomis Avenues.</p><br>
<p>In 1925, Dr. Fred H. Albee, a well-known orthopedic surgeon, purchased 2,916 acres (11.80 square km) of land from the Venice-Sarasota Company. Albee had previously developed Nokomis and built its first luxury hotel, known as the Pollyanna Inn. Albee asked John Nolen, a world-renowned city planner, to design a city on his land, but Albee did not have a chance to implement his city plan before he was approached with a proposal from the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers to purchase the land in October 1925. The purchase was motivated by a desire by the BLE to increase the union&#39;s assets and holdings in the area.</p><br>
<p>The BLE Realty Corporation was organized to develop the area, and the Venice Company was created to market property. The company retained Nolen to complete a city plan in 1926. Nolen moved the SAL tracks eastward to the present location of the Venice depot. The new depot was designed by the well-known successful New York architectural firm of Walker & Gillette (still extant today under the name Swanke Hayden Connell Architects), who the BLE retained to design most of the new buildings they were planning for Venice. Walker & Gillette designed the depot in harmony with the other structures in Venice, adopting a Mediterranean Revival style then highly popular in Florida due to its warm climate and Spanish heritage. The spare, unornamented exterior yellow stucco surfaces, in combination with the simple arched and blocky volumes gently-sloping red tile roofs seen in the depot building are the hallmarks of this style. The structure of the building under the stucco used a hollow clay tile.</p><br>
<p>The Venice Seaboard Air Line Depot became an important point of transit for the city over the next forty-five years. It was served by great SCL trains such as the Camellia and the Orange Blossom Special. The station regularly welcomed Kentucky Military Institute students and faculty for annual winter terms, beginning in January 1933. It became the primary point of entry to the city for USA Army material and personnel once the Army established an air base in Venice in 1942, during World War II. In 1960s, when passenger rail traffic had become moribund across the USA, the Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus used it for shipping their equipment and operations around the country once they moved to Venice in 1960. Operations were taken over by the new Seaboard Coast Line in 1967 when it was formed from the merger of the SAL and its rival, the Atlantic Coast Line Railway. Passenger service to the station finally ceased on 30 April 1971 with the consolidation of nearly all the nation&#39;s passenger trains into the new National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), which came into existence the following day, 1 May.</p><br>
<p>The Louisville and Nashville Passenger Station and Express Building is a historic Louisville and Nashville Railroad depot in Pensacola, Florida. It is located at 239 North Alcaniz Street.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed between 1912 and 1913 with elements of Prairie School, Spanish Mission, and Italianate architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>On June 11, 1979, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, the depot was refurbished and incorporated into the Pensacola Grand Hotel (now the Crowne Plaza Pensacola Grand Hotel) that was built just behind it. The renovation of the depot was a painstaking process that used as much of the original material as possible. The building houses the lobby, shops, restaurant and meeting rooms of the hotel. The hotel has housed two Presidents of the United States, including President Barack Obama in 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Lloyd Railroad Depot  is a historic depot building in Lloyd, Florida in the United States. Built in 1858 by the Pensacola and Georgia Railroad, it is the oldest brick railroad station in Florida and one of only three surviving railroad depots in the state built prior to the start of the American Civil War. The building closed in 1966 after its owner at the time, the Seaboard Air Line Railroad, discontinued service there and donated it to the Jefferson County Historical Society. A few years later, ownership was transferred to the Gulf Wind Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society, who own it to this day. On December 2, 1974, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The structure is located near the junction of SR 59 and Lester Lawrence Road. It is currently used as a post office.</p><br>
<p>The Minneapolis Armory is located in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States. The armory was built for the Minnesota National Guard in 1935–36 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>On July 2, 2015, it was announced that the Armory was purchased by a local development firm for $6 million. The developer plans to convert the space from a parking facility to a mid-sized events center. The firm estimates renovations will be complete within 12–18 months.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The armory was the costliest single building in Minnesota supported by a Public Works Administration grant. The building is an example of the PWA Moderne style, a design characterized by strong geometry, bold contouring and integrated sculpture ornamentation. The building was designed by St. Paul architect P.C. Bettenburg, who was also a major in the Minnesota National Guard. St. Paul artist Elsa Jemne painted murals in the building.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1930s through the 1970s, it was a venue for civic events, including concerts, political conventions and sporting events such as Golden Gloves tournaments. The building was used by the Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association as a part-time home between 1947–59, and as its primary home court for the 1959–60 NBA season. The National Guard ceased operations at the armory in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Hennepin County bought the armory in 1989 for $4.7 million, with plans to place a new county jail on the site. In 1998, the county sold the building for $2.6 million to a private company for use as a parking structure on condition that it be preserved.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Minneapolis native Prince used the building to shoot the music video for "1999" in 1982. 16 years later, Aerosmith recorded the video for their song "I Don&#39;t Want to Miss a Thing" in the armory.</p><br>
<p>Useppa Island is an island located near the northern end of Pine Island Sound in Lee County, Florida, United States. It has been known for luxury resorts since the late 19th century, and it is currently the home of the private Useppa Island Club. On May 21, 1996, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places, due to its archaeological significance. The Barbara Sumwalt Museum is located on the island.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1830s the island was variously called Caldezs Island, Toampe, and Joseffa. Records indicate that José Caldez, who had operated a fishing rancho on the island, called it Josephas when he sold it in 1833. The name Useppa first appeared on a hydrological chart of the area in 1855.</p><br>
<p>Like the nearby islands of Gasparilla, Sanibel, and Captiva, a folk etymology has developed connecting Useppa Island&#39;s name to the legendary pirate captain José Gaspar, also known as Gasparilla. A local folk story, extant in at least two versions, tells of Gaspar kidnapping a Spanish princess, with whom he becomes enamored. When she spurns his advances he kills her, but is overtaken by remorse and buries her himself on the beach. One version identifies the princess as Josefa, daughter of Martín de Mayorga, Viceroy of New Spain from 1779 to 1782, and indicates that her burial place of Useppa Island still bears her name in an altered form.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Useppa Island is 1 mi long north to south, and up to 1/2 mi wide. A ridge, up to 18 ft high, runs along much of the eastern edge of the island. A ridge up to 40 ft high is in the middle of the island along the western side. A 9 m conical shell midden with ramps is located on the west side of the island towards the southern end. The southern end of the island may have grown by as much as 500 m during the 20th century, possibly when a golf course was developed there. The island was part of the Florida mainland during the last glacial period, when the sea level around Florida was 100 m or more lower than today. Useppa Island is high ground that became separated from the mainland by a rising sea level around 4500 BCE. This high ground is believed to be stabilized sand dunes formed during a high sea level episode prior to the last glacial episode. During the period from 4500 BCE to 3000 BCE barrier islands formed to the west of Useppa Island, creating Pine Island Sound and protecting Useppa Island from the open Gulf of Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before Useppa Island separated from the mainland, the area was visited by Paleo-Indians, who were present in Florida by at least 8,000 BCE. Soon after the sea level had risen enough to separate the island from the mainland, around 4500 BCE, Indians of the Archaic period began living on the island for part of the year, primarily during the spring and summer. Oyster shells were deposited in middens from this time. Tools made from seashells during the period from 4500 BCE to 3000 BCE show a cultural affinity with Horr&#39;s Island to the south.</p><br>
<p>After about 3000 BCE bodies were buried on Useppa Island in a flexed position. Steatite stone vessels and fiber-tempered pottery came into use on the island after 2000 BCE. Sand-tempered pottery appeared after 1200 BCE. Seasonal occupation of the island continued through the end of the Archaic period (c. 500 BCE) and into the Caloosahatchee culture period, until about 1200. While the island may have been used occasionally as a fishing camp after that date, there is no known sustained occupation of the island until after 1700. Shortly after 1700, the Calusa people (the people of the Caloosahatchee culture region during the historic period) were killed, carried away to slavery, or driven out of the area by Creek and Yamasee people (who later coalesced into the Seminole.</p><br>
<p>Later in the 18th century and as late as 1835 Muspa Indians, possibly descendants of people who lived in the Calusa town of Muspa (on or near Marco Island) were reported to be living in the Charlotte Harbor and Pine Island area. Around 1784, Jose Caldez of Cuba began using Useppa Island as the base for his seasonal fishing operations. Caldez employed both Cubans and local Native Americans at this fishing rancho. By 1833 the rancho consisted of close to 20 palmetto-thatched houses and about 60 people.</p><br>
<p>The Second Seminole War began in late 1835. Henry Crews, the USA Customs officer on Useppa, was killed in early 1836, possibly by Seminoles or by Indians working at the rancho. Crews had been at odds with the Spaniards at the fishing rancho, believing that they were using fishing as a cover for large scale smuggling. After the death of Crews, the "Americans" living around Charlotte Harbor, which probably included Spaniards and rancho Indians, fled to the rancho operated by William Bunce on Passage Island in Tampa Bay. In late 1836 the ranchos around Charlotte Harbor, including the Caldez rancho on Useppa, were reported to be abandoned and "largely destroyed." Rancho Indians, including those who were married to Cubans or were half-Cuban, were gathered up by the Army and sent west to Indian Territory.</p><br>
<p>The area around Charlotte Harbor and Pine Island, including Useppa Island, remained sparsely inhabited for several decades. The USA Army established Fort Casey on Useppa Island early in 1850, but abandoned it before the end of the year. The Army occupied Useppa Island again for a while during the Civil War. The Census of 1870 found two residents on the island. It was reported to be uninhabited in 1885, and to have one family in residence in 1895.</p><br>
<p>Chicago businessman John Roach built a hotel on Useppa Island in 1896. Barron Collier bought the island in 1911, and developed the resort, enlarging the hotel and adding tennis courts and a 9-hole golf course. Collier made the island his official residence, from which he directed his real estate empire. Collier died in 1939, and the resort was closed during World War II. Hurricanes in 1944 and 1946 damaged the hotel, and it was torn down. The island opened again as a resort in 1946, continuing until 1960. In 1960, Useppa briefly served as a CIA training base for Cuban exiles in preparation for the Bay of Pigs Invasion.</p><br>
<p>Useppa Island changed hands four times in the 1960s and 1970s, with two short-lived attempts to operate it as a resort. Gar Beckstead bought the island in 1976 and his company, Useppa Inn and Dock Company, has operated it as a private resort since then. Hurricane Charley heavily damaged the island in 2004. The rebuilt Collier Inn was re-opened one year later.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological investigations</h2><br>
<p>While some archaeologists passed by or visited Useppa Island in the 19th century, the first scientific excavation on the island was by John Griffin and Hale Smith, who collected ceramics from a disturbed midden in 1947. Jerald Milanich and Jefferson Chapman conducted more extensive excavations on Collier Mound and adjacent middens in 1979 and 1980, using a backhoe to dig trenches in mound and middens.</p><br>
<p>William Marquardt and Michael Hansinger conducted an excavation on Collier Ridge in 1985. Marquardt and Corbett Torrence excavated several locations on the island in 1989. Marquardt excavated a burial on a lot scheduled for construction in 1994. Volunteers associated with the Rendell Research Society, the University of California Los Angeles, and the Useppa Island Historical Society excavated a shell axe workshop on the island in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Gedney Island  is a private island in Possession Sound in Snohomish County, Washington, US. The island lies in Possession Sound between the mainland city of Everett, Washington, and the southern part of Whidbey Island. Gedney Island has a land area of 1.768 km  and a population of 13 people was reported as of the 2000 census.</p><br>
<p>Gedney Island was first mentioned in the historical record by naturalist Archibald Menzies of the Vancouver Expedition in 1792. It was named by Charles Wilkes in 1841, possibly for New York politician John B. Gedney.</p><br>
<p>There is currently one walk-on ferry named the Hat Express which transports walk-on passengers to and from the island. The maximum capacity of the ferry is 88 passengers. It runs a limited schedule on Thursdays, Fridays and weekends between the Everett Yacht Club on the west end of 13th Street in Everett, and the Hat Island Marina.</p><br>
<p>The Boca Express Train Museum, operated by the Boca Raton Historical Society, is housed in a restored 1930 Florida East Coast Railway train station in Boca Raton, Florida. It is located at 747 South Dixie Highway, off USA 1 . On October 24, 1980, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Museum contains two restored and unique 1947 Seaboard Air Line streamlined rail cars, a dining and a lounge car, built by Budd Company and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Boca Express Train Museum also includes a 1946 Atlantic Coast Line caboose and a 1930 Baldwin steam switch engine.</p><br>
<p>The Boca Raton Historical Society has put the Train Museum up for sale, saying that maintaining two historic buildings (the other is the Societys home, Boca Ratons first city hall) is draining the nonprofit&#39;s resources.</p><br>
<p>Mount Jefferson is the highest mountain in both the Toquima Range and Nye County in Nevada, United States. It is the sixth highest mountain in the state. As the high point of a range which is well separated from other ranges by low basins, Mount Jefferson has a high topographic prominence of 5,861 ft. This makes it the most prominent peak in Nye County and the third most prominent peak in Nevada . For similar reasons, it is also the highest mountain for over 90 miles in all directions. It is located about 50 mi northeast of the county seat of Tonopah within the Alta Toquima Wilderness of the Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, near the smaller towns of Carvers and Round Mountain. Three distinct summits are located on a broad area of subalpine tundra: North Summit rises to 11,820 ft, Middle Summit to 11,692 ft, and South Summit to 11,949 ft. During the Pleistocene, alpine glaciers eroded several cirques east of the summit plateau.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Hall in Covington, Kentucky is located at the northeast corner of Fifth Street and Madison Avenue. It was constructed in 1856 by the Independent Order of Odd Fellows Lodge, and was the center of Covington&#39;s civic and political life for most of the Victorian era. When the American Civil War ended, victorious Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant was honored with a reception there.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, the body of William Goebel, the only USA governor to be assassinated in office, lay in state there, as an estimated 10,000 people filed past.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, a roller skating rink filled the second-floor ballroom, famous for its 25 ft-high ceiling suspended by a truss system.</p><br>
<p>In May 2002, a major fire almost destroyed the entire building. It was reduced to its front facade, back wall, and a three-story column of smoke and charred debris. A new team has restored the hall, with its first tenant taking occupancy in March 2006.</p><br>
<p>Ajay  is a river which flows through the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. The word “Ajay” means “Unconquerable”.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Ajay River originates on a small hill about 300 m high, southwest of Deoghar in Jharkhand. It then flows through Jharkhand and enters West Bengal at Simjuri, near Chittaranjan. It first forms the border between Bardhaman District and Jharkhand and then between Bardhaman District and Birbhum District, and finally it enters Katwa subdivision of Bardhaman district at Nareng village in Ketugram police station. It then joins the Bhagirathi River at Katwa Town.Chattopadhyay, Akkori, Bardhaman Jelar Itihas O Lok Sanskriti (History and Folk lore of Bardhaman District.),</p><br>
<p>The catchment area of Ajay River is 6,000 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The important tributaries of the Ajay are Pathro and Jayanti in Jharkhand, and Tumuni and Kunur in Bardhaman district of West Bengal.</p><br>
<p>The upper reaches of the Ajay pass through hilly regions with laterite soil. It is only from Ausgram in Bardhaman district that the Ajay flows through alluvial plains. The Ajay valley was densely forested with sal, piyasal and palas trees till recent times when mining and other activities led to the clearing of forests.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to the history of ancient India edited by Mc Krindle, there was a river called Amystis that flows past a town called Katadupa, in the days of Megasthenes. Another historian Wilfred opines that Amystis is modern-day Ajay. In recent times there has been exploration of the remains of an ancient civilisation similar to that of the Indus Valley Civilisation at Pandu Rajar Dhibi in the lower Ajay valley.</p><br>
<p>There have been at least 14 recorded floods in the 20th century caused by the Ajay river. The lower reaches of the river have embankments to prevent flooding.</p><br>
<p>Jaydev Kenduli, claimed to be the birthplace of the 13th-century Sanskrit poet Jayadeva of Gita Govinda fame, and Churulia, birthplace of Kazi Nazrul Islam are located on the banks of the Ajay.</p><br>
<p>Famous poet Rabindranath Tagore wrote a poem about this river in Bengali and it is " Amader Chhoto Nodi".</p><br>
<p>Fort Ward is a former Union Army installation now located in the city of Alexandria in the USA state of Virginia. It was the fifth largest fort built to defend Washington, D.C. in the American Civil War. It is currently well-preserved with 90-95% of its earthen walls intact.</p><br>
<h2>Occupation of Arlington</h2><br>
<p>Before the outbreak of the Civil War, Alexandria County, the closest part of Virginia to Washington, D.C., was a predominantly rural area. Originally part of the District of Columbia, the land now comprising the county was retroceded to Virginia in a July 9, 1846 act of Congress that took effect in 1847. Most of the county is hilly, and at the time, most of the county&#39;s population was concentrated in the city of Alexandria, at the far southeastern corner of the county. In 1861, the rest of the county largely consisted of scattered farms, the occasional house, fields for grazing livestock, and Arlington House, owned by Mary Custis, wife of Robert E. Lee.</p><br>
<p>Following the surrender of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina, on April 14, 1861, new American president Abraham Lincoln declared that "an insurrection existed," and called for 75,000 troops to be called up to quash the rebellion. The move sparked resentment in many other southern states, which promptly moved to convene discussions of secession. The Virginia State Convention passed "an ordinance of secession" and ordered a May 23 referendum to decide whether or not the state should secede from the Union. The USA Army responded by creating the Department of Washington, which united all Union troops in the District of Columbia and Maryland under one command.</p><br>
<p>Brigadier General J.F.K. Mansfield, commander of the Department of Washington, argued that Northern Virginia should be occupied as soon as possible in order to prevent the possibility of the Confederate Army mounting artillery on the hills of Arlington and shelling government buildings in Washington. He also urged the erection of fortifications on the Virginia side of the Potomac River to protect the southern terminuses of the Chain Bridge, Long Bridge, and Aqueduct Bridge. His superiors approved these recommendations, but decided to wait until after Virginia voted for or against secession.</p><br>
<p>On May 23, 1861, Virginia voted by a margin of 3 to 1 in favor of leaving the Union. That night, USA Army troops began crossing the bridges linking Washington, D.C. to Virginia. The march, which began at 10 p.m. on the night of the 23rd, was described in colorful terms by the New York Herald two days later:</p><br>
<p>There can be no more complaints of inactivity of the government. The forward march movement into Virginia, indicated in my despatches last night, took place at the precise time this morning that I named, but in much more imposing and powerful numbers.</p><br>
<p>About ten o&#39;clock last night four companies of picked men moved over the Long Bridge, as an advance guard. They were sent to reconnoitre, and if assailed were ordered to signal, when they would have been reinforced by a corps of regular infantry and a battery....</p><br>
<p>At twelve o&#39;clock the infantry regiment, artillery and cavalry corps began to muster and assume marching order. As fast as the several regiments were ready they proceeded to the Long Bridge, those in Washington being directed to take that route.</p><br>
<p>The troops quartered at Georgetown, the Sixty-ninth, Fifth, Eighth and Twenty-eighth New York regiments, proceeded across what is known as the chain bridge, above the mouth of the Potomac Aqueduct, under the command of General McDowell. They took possession of the heights in that direction.</p><br>
<p>The imposing scene was at the Long Bridge, where the main body of the troops crossed. Eight thousand infantry, two regular cavalry companies and two sections of Shermans artillery battalion, consisting of two batteries, were in line this side of the Long Bridge at two oclock.</p><br>
<p>The occupation of Northern Virginia was peaceful, with the sole exception of the town of Alexandria. There, as Colonel Elmer E. Ellsworth, commander of the New York Fire Zouaves (11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment), entered a local hotel to remove the Confederate flag flying above it, he was shot and killed by James Jackson, the proprietor. Ellsworth was one of the first men killed in the American Civil War. Throughout the remainder of the war, Alexandria would lean strongly towards the Confederate government, necessitating continued occupation by a Union garrison.</p><br>
<h3>Battle of Bull Run</h3><br>
<p>Over the seven weeks that followed the occupation of northern Virginia, forts were constructed along the banks of the Potomac River and at the approaches to each of the three major bridges (Chain Bridge, Long Bridge, and Aqueduct Bridge) connecting Virginia to Washington and Georgetown.</p><br>
<p>While the Potomac River forts were being built, planning and surveying was ordered for an enormous new ring of forts to protect the city. Unlike the fortifications under construction, the new forts would defend the city in all directions, not just the most direct route through Arlington. In mid-July, this work was interrupted by the First Battle of Bull Run. As the Army of Northeastern Virginia marched south to Manassas, the soldiers previously assigned to construction duties marched instead to battle. In the days that followed the Union defeat at Bull Run, panicked efforts were made to defend Washington from what was perceived as an imminent Confederate attack. The makeshift trenches and earthworks that resulted were largely confined to Arlington and the direct approaches to Washington.</p><br>
<p>On July 26, 1861, five days after the battle, Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan was named commander of the military district of Washington and the subsequently renamed Army of the Potomac. Upon arriving in Washington, McClellan was appalled by the condition of the city&#39;s defenses. "In no quarter were the dispositions for defense such as to offer a vigorous resistance to a respectable body of the enemy, either in the position and numbers of the troops or the number and character of the defensive works... not a single defensive work had been commenced on the Maryland side. There was nothing to prevent the enemy shelling the city from heights within easy range, which could be occupied by a hostile column almost without resistance."</p><br>
<p>To remedy the situation, one of McClellan&#39;s first orders upon taking command was to greatly expand the defenses of Washington. At all points of the compass, forts and entrenchments would be constructed in sufficient strength to defeat any attack. Alexandria, which contained the southern terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and one of the largest ports in the Chesapeake Bay, was an object of "anxious study."</p><br>
<h2>Planning and construction</h2><br>
<p>It was named for James Harmon Ward, killed at Mathias Point. It was designed with a perimeter of 540 yards and platforms for 24 guns. Later, a 100-pound Parrott gun was added. The larger guns made the fort vulnerable if besieged. In 1863, the perimeter was expanded to 818 yards with room for 36 guns.</p><br>
<p>Gen. John Newton, who was in charge of the forts south of Four Mile Run, supervised the construction and managed the flow of men and material.</p><br>
<p>Liberated slaves, also known as “contrabands”, helped build the defenses to protect Washington from invasion by Confederate forces during the Civil War. The Fort was named for the first Union naval officer to die in the war. Fort Ward never saw any attacks, and was dismantled in November 1865, though many African- Americans continued to live there into the 1900s.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Ward Museum</h2><br>
<p>The fort is now a part of the City of Alexandria&#39;s 45 acre Fort Ward Museum and Historic Site adjacent to Braddock Road, and the museum offers rotating exhibits on American Civil War subjects and a Civil War library. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and hosts Civil War and Revolutionary War reenactments. The historic area now includes a museum, an Officer’s Hut, Ceremonial Gate, and reconstructed northwest bastion. The site can be found at 4301 West Braddock Road in Alexandria, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Lautaro Volcano is an active ice-covered stratovolcano located in Chilean Patagonia, in the northern part of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field. Its summit rises roughly 2,000 m above the average surface of the ice cap plateau.</p><br>
<p>It is the tallest mountain in Bernardo O&#39;Higgins National Park and in its vicinity lies Pío XI Glacier. In 1952 the volcano was given its name in honor of Lautaro, who was a Mapuche military leader.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of Lautaro was made by Peter Skvarca and Luciano Pera, on January 29, 1964. They climbed the southeast ridge, encountering many crevasses, some steep ice walls, cornices, and a snow mushroom at the summit. They found an active crater and strong sulfurous emissions near the summit. The second ascent was made by Eric Jones, Mick Coffey, and Leo Dickinson on March 2, 1973, as part of a crossing of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field.</p><br>
<p>Pigeon Peak, elevation 13,978 ft, is a summit in the Needle Mountains, a subrange of the San Juan Mountains in the southwestern part of the US State of Colorado. It rises dramatically on the east side of the Animas River, 1.5 mi west of the fourteener Mount Eolus. It is located in the Weminuche Wilderness, part of the San Juan National Forest.</p><br>
<p>Pigeon Peak is notable both for its absolute height and for its local relief. It is the 57th highest independent peak in Colorado,</p><br>
<p>narrowly missing the well-known list of fourteeners. In terms of local relief, it is one of the most impressive peaks in Colorado. Its most dramatic rise is over the Animas River to the west, over which it rises nearly 6,000 ft in under 2.5 mi. Also, its east face is a 800 ft cliff.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing</h2><br>
<p>Since Pigeon Peak is not a fourteener, it sees far less traffic than the nearby trio of Mount Eolus, Windom Peak and Sunlight Peak. The standard route is not technically difficult, but it is long and requires a little-hiked wilderness approach. Climbers typically camp near Ruby Lake north of the peak. From there the route ascends to a saddle between Pigeon Peak and Turret Peak, southwest of Pigeon. The route then descends and makes a traverse around to the opposite side of the peak, finally ascending the northwest slopes. Difficulties involve class 3 scrambling.</p><br>
<p>The West Elk Mountains are a high mountain range in the west-central part of the USA state of Colorado. They lie primarily within the Gunnison National Forest, and part of the range is protected as the West Elk Wilderness. The range is primarily located in Gunnison County, with small parts in eastern Delta and Montrose counties.</p><br>
<p>The West Elks are surrounded by tributaries of the Gunnison River. The range is bounded on the north by the North Fork of the Gunnison and on the east by the East River, another tributary of the Gunnison. On the south and west it is contiguous with Black Mesa and Fruitland Mesa, both part of the uplift in which sits the Black Canyon of the Gunnison. On the northeast it is contiguous with the Elk Mountains, being separated from them by Anthracite Creek and Coal Creek. Nearby towns include Gunnison, Paonia, and the ski resort of Crested Butte.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The northern and southern West Elk Mountains have contrasting geologic histories and surface features. In the north, the prominent peaks are laccoliths, formed when magma intruded into Mancos Shale about 30 million years go. Since then, the overlying Mesozoic sedimentary rock, including the relatively soft Mancos Shale, has eroded away, exposing the laccoliths. Laccoliths in the West Elk Mountains include Marcellina Mountain, Mount Gunnison, East Beckwith Mountain, the Anthracite Range, Mount Axtell, Carbon Peak, and Mount Whetstone.</p><br>
<p>In contrast, volcanic rocks dominate the southern portion of the range. Shortly after the laccolith intrusions in the north, volcanic activity began to the south. A large stratovolcano and other vents ejected material that accumulated over what is now the southern West Elk Mountains. Most of these volcanic rocks are included in the West Elk Breccia Formation, a heterogeneous collection of volcanic materials including extensive mudflow deposits. West Elk Breccia is in places over 3,500 ft thick.</p><br>
<p>On top of the West Elk Breccia, volcanic ash was deposited through repeated eruptions in the San Juan volcanic field to the south. Most of the ash was deposited 26 to 27 million years ago. The resulting rock, tuff, is relatively soft, but the ash landing toward the southern edge of the West Elk volcanic field was hot enough to fuse into harder welded tuff. These welded tuffs are more resistant to weathering than the underlying breccia and today they cap multiple south-sloping mesas in the southern West Elk Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Erosion has cut valleys and defined the mesas and peaks we see today. The highest point in the West Elk Mountains is West Elk Peak, which is located near the center of the large volcano that once dominated this landscape. Stratigraphic profiles of these rock layers can be seen at the southern edge of the West Elk Mountains where the Gunnison River has eroded through the volcanic strata. A good example can be seen at the Dillion Pinnacles in Curecanti National Recreation Area. The resistant welded tuff that caps Dillon Mesa is on top, overlying the West Elk Breccia, which has eroded into the pinnacles. Exposed under the breccia are the older, underlying Mesozoic sedimentary rocks including the Mancos, Dakota, and Morrison Formations.</p><br>
<h2>Prominent peaks</h2><br>
<p>Mount Butler  is a 436 m high hill on Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong.</p><br>
<p>"Mount Butler H.F. Radio Receiving Station" is situated on Mount Butler. Masts of the stations can be seen from a distance.</p><br>
<p>Hong Kong Trail Stage 5 passes near the summit of Mount Butler. The best place to start the hike to the summit is from the Parkview Apartment complex. The trail ascends steeply to Jardine&#39;s Lookout, continues to climb, then drops down a set of stairs for 10-15 minutes, then ascends steeply alongside a stone quarry. From the summit the view stretches to Lamma Island, Red Hill and Dragon Back Trail. The descent from the summit is to Upper Tai Tam Reservoir. From here the hiker has several options, including continuing on to Stage 6 of the Hong Kong trail, hiking or running to either Violet Hill or the Twins, or hiking out to Repulse Bay. The route has frequent maps, one public bathroom and no water stops so carry sufficient liquids with you.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Canadians won this mountain with only bayonets in World War II.</p><br>
<p>Herron Island is an island in central Case Inlet in the southern part of Puget Sound in the USA state of Washington. The Pierce County island has a land area of 1.2326 km²  and a population of 152 persons as of the 2000 census.</p><br>
<p>Herron Island is one of the few privately owned islands in Puget Sound. All access to the island is by boat, mostly aboard the HMC ferry, the "Charlie Wells", and a guest pass signed by an HMC member is necessary to board the ferry. The island is 1.25 mi long, and 1/2 mile (800 m) across.</p><br>
<p>Corporate properties include the North Beach Park and small boat docks, the South Beach (undeveloped), roads and rights of way, Goodpastor Park and adjacent wetlands, Community Building and Fire Station, water system, ferry and ferry docks, as well as numerous greenbelt lots throughout the island. All other land is privately owned. Ownership of waterfront lots includes the tidelands down to the mean sea level.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Herron Island was named by Charles Wilkes during the Wilkes Expedition of 1838-1842, to honor Lewis Herron, the expedition&#39;s cooper.</p><br>
<p>Herron Island is a completely private island. It was incorporated on April 30, 1958, as Herron Maintenance Co. (HMC), a non-profit, non-stock Washington corporation consisting of the owners and purchasers of property on Herron Island. HMC is governed by its ByLaws and administered by an unsalaried Board of Trustees elected annually from the membership. The Board is responsible for overseeing the operations and maintenance of the corporation&#39;s properties, and establishing a balanced budget to fund these operations. Herron Island is funded solely by annual and special assessments paid by the members and by the ferry fee.</p><br>
<h3>1792</h3><br>
<p>Lieutenant Peter Puget, under the command of Captain George Vancouver, explored what is now known as Case Inlet in Puget Sound, in May, 1792. On the 23rd of May, the sailors didnt get underway until 8:00 AM, much later than usual, due to the very heavy fog in the area. Because a new group of Indians was encountered at the mouth of the Nisqually river, and Lt. Puget didnt know whether they were friendly or not, the ship delayed landing until 2:00 PM that afternoon. Just after the landing, another squall, with heavy rains and wind gusts, prevented them from proceeding any further that day.</p><br>
<p>The tiny island they landed upon was dubbed "Wednesday Island". It was actually Tuesday here, but the Vancouver expedition used "England time" throughout their explorations.</p><br>
<p>The ship&#39;s botanist, Archibald Menzies, whose job it was to explore every place they landed, refused to venture from the landing site to collect soil and botanical specimens, due to the heavy rain and wind.</p><br>
<h3>1841</h3><br>
<p>In 1841, Lieutenant Charles Wilkes of the United States Navy, re-explored, re-charted (and frequently renamed) the islands of Puget Sound.</p><br>
<p>Large and important islands were renamed for his most important sailors. Smaller islands were renamed for his lesser sailors. Lt. Wilkes renamed Wednesday Island for Seaman Herron. Little is known about our namesake, except some rumors that we decline to believe. In any case, we salute Seaman Herron - we think hed be proud of what weve done with his little island.</p><br>
<h3>1950</h3><br>
<p>(The following was provided by Reed Skibeness, one of our mainland neighbors.)</p><br>
<p>My family started to come over to this area in the late 1940s or early 1950s. We have owned property on the west shore of the Longbranch Peninsula, across from Herron Island, since then. If one walked south from the ferry dock on Herron Island and looked east, we are situated on the shore across the water.</p><br>
<p>At the time we first started coming over there, there was a single old large building and an occupant on the north end of the island - - sort of a caretaker for the island. The owner (or caretaker) used a World War II LST for crossing the water between the island and where the ferry now docks on the east end of its run. The LST had a large front door that dropped forward onto the beach once the LST pushed itself onto the beach.</p><br>
<p>I don&#39;t know how long he lived on the island or even if he had a family living with him. All I know is that he was there and his LST frequently crossed the channel, I assume for supplies. At the time there were no roads on the island, but there were some trails heading south from the north end of the island.</p><br>
<p>Somewhere along the line the island was put up for sale. I dont know the details, but there was a period of time that passed prior to what could be considered your (or your HMCs) purchase. My father and my uncle seriously considered purchasing the island. I guess they considered it too expensive and dropped their plans for such a venture. Boy - - did they miss the boat!</p><br>
<p>As young teenagers my siblings and I had great times on our many trips to what seemed to us an abandoned island. We did a lot of roaming around on the island and even did some geoduck digging on the southeast shores. They were very plentiful, shallow, and easy pickings - - much easier to get than what we experience these days on the Longbranch Peninsula shore.</p><br>
<p>Mount Macedon  is a mountain that is part of the Macedon Ranges of the Great Dividing Range, located in the Central Highlands region of Victoria, Australia. The mountain has an elevation of 1,001 m with a prominence of 643 m and is located approximately 65 km northwest of Melbourne.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is known as Geboor or Geburrh in the Aboriginal Woiwurrung language of the Wurundjeri people.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was originally sighted by Hamilton Hume and William Hovell on their 1824 expedition to Port Phillip from New South Wales. They named it Mount Wentworth. It was renamed Mount Macedon by explorer Major Thomas Mitchell who ascended the mountain in 1836. He named it after Philip of Macedon in honour of the fact that he was able to view Port Philip from the summit. Several other geographic features along the path of his third Australia Felix expedition were named after figures of Ancient Macedonia including the nearby Campaspe River and Mount Alexander near Castlemaine (named after Alexander the Great).</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The highest peak of Mount Macedon is Camels Hump, or Camels Hump, one of three mamelons in the area, the rocky outcrop of a once small steep-sided volcano, with an elevation estimated at 1,011 m, and at times is covered in snow. Camels Hump, together with Hanging Rock and Croziers Rocks are igneous trachyte rocks of the crag and are favoured by rock climbers. The mountain has become a popular venue for sport climbing and for families, due to its proximity to Melbourne.</p><br>
<p>The view from the summit of Mount Macedon is spectacular, and takes in Melbourne city, the Dandenong Ranges and the You Yangs near Geelong.</p><br>
<p>Mount Macedon Memorial Cross is a 21 m high monument standing near the summit of the mountain, in an area called Cross Reserve. It was established in 1935 by William Cameron, an early resident of the town of Mount Macedon, as a memorial to his son and others who had died in World War I.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Total rainfall approaches 1,000 mm annually, reaching a maximum in winter, with minimum amounts occurring during the summer months of January to March. Snowfalls occurs on 15–20 days a year, with snow lying occurring on 10–15 days a year. As with the entire region, Mount Macedon is susceptible to severe frost, generally between the months of May and September, with light frosts throughout the rest of the year and minimal frost between January and March. Extreme minimums have been recorded near -9 &deg;C. A feature of the region in winter is the occasional appearance of black ice.</p><br>
<h2>Notable events</h2><br>
<p>On 8 November 1948, Douglas DC-3 VH-UZK operated by Australian National Airways crashed on Mount Macedon. The pilot and first officer died; the cabin crew and passengers all survived, with relatively minor injuries. The event is commemorated on a plaque in Cross Reserve.</p><br>
<p>The Punta Gorda Atlantic Coast Line Depot is a historic Atlantic Coast Line Railroad depot in Punta Gorda, Florida, United States. It is located at 1009 Taylor Road.</p><br>
<p>Owned and maintained by the Punta Gorda Historical Society, the building houses a Black history exhibit and an antique mall. On December 12, 1990, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad built the depot in 1928 as one of many investments it made to its railroad network during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. It served as Punta Gordas third passenger rail depot, replacing earlier depots built by the Atlantic Coast Lines predecessor the Florida Southern Railroad. The original depot, built in 1886, was a small frame depot located within the railroads turning wye. The second depot, built in 1897, was slightly larger and was located along King Street (which today carries northbound USA Highway 41). It was demolished along with the Coast Lines King Street dock to accommodate the construction of the original Barron Collier Bridge over the Peace River.</p><br>
<p>The Punta Gorda depot was built in Neo-Spanish architecture, and was one of only six depots the Atlantic Coast Line built in that style. Of those six, only two still stand today (the other is in Bradenton).</p><br>
<p>Passenger rail service to Punta Gorda was discontinued in 1971. The building was eventually purchased by local landowner Fred Babcock, who donated to the Punta Gorda Historical Society in 1996. The building today houses an antique mall.</p><br>
<p>The depots platform is still within the railroads right of way. Seminole Gulf Railway, who operates the rail line today, uses the platform every Christmas season for its Christmas Rail-Boat evening excursions. Passengers arrive from Fort Myers and transfer to a bus for a Christmas light boat tour through Punta Gorda Isles. They then reboard for the return trip to Fort Myers.</p><br>
<p>Gibson Knott is a fell in the English Lake District, an intermediate height on the ridge between Greenburn and Far Easedale in the Central Fells.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The spine of the Central Fells runs on a north-south axis with the highpoint at High Raise. A complex system of daleheads to the east of this apex resolves itself into Calf Crag, a broad-topped ridge featuring a number of rocky tops. This ridge then splits into two arms about the head of Greenburn, the southern branch running on to Gibson Knott and Helm Crag.</p><br>
<p>Between Calf Crag and Helm Crag the ridge narrows to perhaps a hundred yards in width, gradually curving to the south east on its one and a half mile course. There are several tops on this section, Gibson Knott being halfway along.</p><br>
<p>The southern face above Far Easedale is rocky, Horn Crag being the principal feature. The northern side drops more gradually to the upper gathering grounds of Greenburn Bottom. There is little loss of height going westward from the summit before the climb to Calf Crag begins on a broadening ridge. Between Gibson Knott and Helm Crag lies the depression of Bracken Hause at around 1,100 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit knolls are laminated volcaniclastic claystone and siltstone of the Esk Pike Formation. The remainder of the ridge top is composed of dacitic lapilli-tuff. There is no history of mining within the area of the fell.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>There being a couple of rocky knolls of similar height the summit point could be debated, but custom and practice has resulted in a cairn on the western outcrop. There is an all round view although perhaps not as expansive as could be expected from the centre of the District.It can be improved slightly by moving east along the ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The fell is most commonly climbed as part of a circuit of Greenburn following a good path, but ascents from Grasmere via either flank of Bracken Hause are also possible.</p><br>
<p>The Hialeah Seaboard Air Line Railway Station is a historic Seaboard Air Line Railroad depot in Hialeah, Florida. It is located at 1200 Southeast 10th Court.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1926, the station is essentially identical to the Naples Seaboard station on the southwest coast of Florida. It was served by, among other Seaboard trains, the Orange Blossom Special until 1953, and the Silver Meteor beginning in 1939. Passenger service to the station ended in the 1960s. On July 14, 1995, the station was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority began Tri-Rail commuter rail service to the station, adding a bus shelter style structure immediately to the south, which it calls the Hialeah Market station.</p><br>
<p>The Delray Beach Seaboard Air Line Railway Station  is a historic Seaboard Air Line Railway depot in Delray Beach, Florida, United States. The station is located at 1525 West Atlantic Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1927 and designed by Gustav Maass of the West Palm Beach architectural firm of Harvey & Clarke, it is identical to the Homestead Seaboard station further south, with the sole exception of its use of plain stucco rather than corinthian arches. In addition, the northern end of the station containing what was the freight room has been modified and enlarged since its original construction. The station was also identical to the Boynton Beach Seaboard depot just to the north, the destruction of which was authorized by the city of Boynton Beach in 2006 despite its historic nature.</p><br>
<p>Amtrak continued passenger service to the station after taking over the Seaboard Silver Meteor and Silver Star routes in 1971. Tri-Rail began commuter rail service to the station in 1989, but in 1991 moved to a new Delray Beach station a few blocks south because of legal squabbles with the then-owner of the Seaboard station and poor access. Passenger service to the station halted completely in 1995 when Amtrak began using the Tri-Rail station as its Delray Beach stop.</p><br>
<p>The station was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on September 4, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Naples Seaboard Air Line Railway Station  is a historic Seaboard Air Line Railway depot in Naples, Florida. It is located at 1051 5th Avenue, South.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The depot was constructed in 1927 when the Seaboard Air Line constructed its All Florida Railway to Naples. It was designed in the same Mediterranean Revival style the Seaboard Air Line used with its stations in Delray Beach, Deerfield Beach, Hialeah, and Homestead on the southeast coast of Florida (which were built around the same time), and is virtually identical to the Hialeah depot. The station only briefly saw Seaboard Air Line passenger service in the late 1920s before the railroad reduced its Arcadia to Naples Branch to freight service only. Seaboard ended freight service in the 1930s. During World War II, the depot was home to USO shows for troops stationed at the nearby Naples airfield.</p><br>
<p>By 1944, the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad bought both the depot and the Seaboard tracks to Naples and resumed service, making it one of the few railroad depots to have been operated by both the Atlantic Coast Line and the Seaboard Air Line independently prior to their merger. The Atlantic Coast Line&#39;s previous depot in Naples was located at the northeast corner of Radio Road and Airport-Pulling Road near Naples Municipal Airport, which was then abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The Seaboard brand returned to the depot in 1967 when the Seaboard Air Line merged with the Atlantic Coast Line which became the Seaboard Coast Line Railroad. Passenger service ended in 1971 when national passenger rail was taken over by Amtrak. On September 10, 1974, the depot was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. Freight service was halted for good in the late 1970s, and the adjacent tracks were removed in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Naples Depot Museum</h2><br>
<p>The station has since been fully restored by the Collier County Museums, and is now operated as the Naples Depot Museum. Exhibits focus on the history of transportation and trade in Southwest Florida. Displays include railroads, Seminole dugout canoes, a mule wagon and an antique swamp buggy. Vintage railcars are also on display outside of the building. In another part of the building is a Lionel Train Museum which is dedicated to model trains. A miniature railway also runs around the perimeter of the property.</p><br>
<p>Doyle&#39;s Delight is the highest peak in Belize at 1,124 m. It lies in the Cockscomb Range, a spur of the Maya Mountains in Western Belize.</p><br>
<p>The name Doyles Delight was first coined by Sharon Matola in a 1989 report. The name is based on Sir Arthur Conan Doyles book The Lost World (1912), which contains the quote "there must be something wild and wonderful in a country such as this, and we&#39;re the men to find it out!".</p><br>
<p>This name has meanwhile achieved widespread acceptance. The official Government of Belize Website lists Doyles Delight as the highest point in Belize. The capital of Belize, Belmopan, has a "Doyles Delight Street". Recently there has been an attempt to rename the peak to "Kaan Witz" which is Maya for "Sky Mountain", but the new name has not gained widespread acceptance.</p><br>
<p>Although Victoria Peak was for many years touted as the highest point in Belize, recent assessments determined that it is apparently slightly lower at 1,120 m. Victoria Peak is located east of the Maya Mountain Divide in the Stann Creek District, and in clear weather its dramatic peak is visible from the coast. Doyle’s Delight is located in the heart of the Maya Mountains and is part of a more gently sloping range, with no dramatic peak.</p><br>
<h2>Expeditions</h2><br>
<p>There is a clearing on the peak that is maintained by the Belize Defence Force and the British Military as a helicopter landing. In 1970, a survey marker was placed at the high point of the ridge.</p><br>
<p>In 2004 and 2007 ecologists reached the summit by using a helicopter and surveyed Doyle’s Delight and adjacent ridges to better understand the ecology and biodiversity of the region. These efforts focused on plants, fungi, insects, amphibians, birds, and small mammals, and produced preliminary inventory data for the area.</p><br>
<p>Two notable expeditions by mountaineers, in 2007 and 2008, reached the summit by hiking and climbing for eight days through the virgin jungle. The second expedition members included: Bruno Kuppinger (Germany), Christian Rodriguez (Guatemala), Douglas Leonardo (Guatemala), Emilino Sho (Belize), Alfredo, and Erick Cho (Belize).</p><br>
<p>Izalco is a stratovolcano on the side of the Santa Ana Volcano, which is located in western El Salvador. It is situated on the southern flank of the Santa Ana volcano. Izalco erupted almost continuously from 1770  to 1958 earning it the nickname of "Lighthouse of the Pacific", and experienced a flank eruption in 1966. During an eruption in 1926, the village of Matazano was buried and 56 people were killed. The formation of the volcano actually occupied highly arable land on the southern slope of the Santa Ana volcano which was used for the production of coffee, cacao and sugar cane</p><br>
<h2>Geology and mineralogy</h2><br>
<p>The lava historically erupted from Izalco consists of vesicular vitrophyric olivine basalts. Izalco&#39;s formation was preceded by fumorolic activity in 1658, before Izalco was born in 1770.</p><br>
<p>Today, Izalco experiences only fumarolic activity in the form of rainwater seeping into the volcano and contacting hot rocks, rather than steam emissions from underground gases. The fumarole deposits of the volcano are noted as sources for several rare minerals. It is the type locality for the copper vanadium minerals: bannermanite, blossite, fingerite, howardevansite, lyonsite, mcbirneyite, stoiberite and ziesite.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>The volcano is visited and climbed regularly by tourists to El Salvador via the Cerro Verde National Park and is a national icon of the country, even featured on the 10 colón bank note (US dollars replaced the colon in 2001, so the bank note is no longer in circulation). The volcano is currently quiescent but may erupt again.</p><br>
<p>A hotel was built on the nearby Cerro Verde to provide accommodation with a view of the erupting volcano, but the volcano ceased to erupt shortly before the hotel was completed.</p><br>
<h3>Izalco and The Little Prince</h3><br>
<p>In the French novella The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, the Princes and Roses planet Asteroid B-612 most prominent features are three minuscule volcanoes (two active, and one dormant or extinct). Izalco and Santa Ana Volcano are the two active, and Cerro Verde is the dormant volcano. The book was inspired by Antoine&#39;s life with his Salvadoran wife Consuelo de Saint Exupéry.</p><br>
<h3>Izalco Volcano National Symbolism</h3><br>
<p>The volcano on the stamps&#39; central oval design is an allegorical representation of the coat of arms existing at the time; the stamps depict the Izalco volcano, popularly known as "El Faro del Pacífico" - "The Lighthouse of the Pacific". This argument is based on the fact that the decree signed by Francisco Duenas, creating the coat of arms, specifically mentions the Izalco volcano as the inspiration for its design, and also on the idea that the Izalco volcano was (and still is) one of the symbols of the country. Covers genuinely used with these stamps are rare. So far, only 37 have been recorded.</p><br>
<p>Harrisburg State Hospital, formerly known as Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital from 1851 to 1937, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, Dauphin County, on Cameron and McClay Streets, was Pennsylvania’s first public facility to house the mentally ill and disabled.</p><br>
<p>Architect(s): John A. Dempwolf, John Haviland / Addison Hutton</p><br>
<p>Location: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania</p><br>
<p>Date: 1851 / 1935</p><br>
<p>Building Type: Health Care</p><br>
<p>Construction System: Sandstone, Brick, Stone, Sandstone, Iron</p><br>
<p>Building Style: Classical Revival</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Harrisburg State Hospital was created as the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital and Union Asylum for the Insane in 1845 to provide care for mentally ill persons throughout the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was the result of the successful lobbying efforts of 19th century social reformer, Dorothea Dix. A nine-member board of trustees was empowered to appoint a superintendent, purchase land, and construct facilities near Harrisburg. This board of trustees received no compensation for their work. In 1848, the name of the hospital was changed to the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital when $50,000 was appropriated to begin construction. Patients from all parts of the state would be accepted at the hospital, at the expense of the counties that they belonged; or, if able they would pay for themselves at a cost of $2.50 per week. This cost included board and medical attention. Originally the hospital only had one building which housed the administration, staff, and patients. Built in 1851, the Main Building was designed following the Kirkbride Plan which was a very popular building style during the late 19th century. The original capacity of the building was 250 patients, but was later expanded with the removal of dining rooms and the addition of the North and South Branch Buildings.</p><br>
<p>A 130 acre farm was located adjacent to the hospital and provided work therapy for the patients and also enabled the hospital to be self-supporting, by growing its own food, and raising its own livestock. When the first patient was admitted on October 6, 1851, every poor district was charged a $2.00 weekly maintenance fee for the care of each indigent patient. The boarding charges for private patients were scheduled to vary between $3.00 and $10.00 based upon ability to pay. In 1869 the Board of Public Charities was created to inspect all public and voluntary charitable institutions in the Commonwealth and to report to the legislature with recommendations concerning their operation. For four decades this unpaid Board and its small staff had no authority to correct the conditions it found within state institutions. Nonetheless, by persuasion and publicity they were able to improve the quality of care in public institutions. A major objective was the removal of the insane from almshouses to the Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital and other state hospitals. A Committee on Lunacy was created within the Board of Public charities in 1883 to oversee the operations of these mental institutions.</p><br>
<p>The early 20th century was a time of great change for Harrisburg State Hospital. The Main Building had become old and was in need of replacement. Between the years 1893 and 1912 the hospital was rebuilt following the "Cottage Plan", which became popular at the beginning of the 20th century. At its peak the hospital consumed over 1,000 acre and included more than 70 buildings. Designed and constructed by Pennsylvania architects Addison Hutton and John A. Dempwolf the campus and buildings were meant to represent an Italianate window. The buildings on the male and female sides of the campus mirrored each other until the addition of new buildings in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>In 1921 the name of the hospital was changed to the Harrisburg State Hospital. Also that year, the Board of Public Charities was abolished and the Department of Public Welfare was created to administer all state hospitals. With the completion of the new "Cottage Plan" buildings, the hospital had grown considerably larger. Its patient capacity was 2,019, but at one time it held as many as 2,441 with 437 on parole. The hospital was self-sufficient, with its own farm, power plant, and stores; it became known as the "City on the Hill". During wartime there was a 50% shortage of attendants, at the lowest level of employment there were as few as one nurse to 166 patients. In June 1945 only 26 of the 92 authorized positions on the male side were filled. The manpower shortage resulted in widespread curtailment of services to both the public and patients.</p><br>
<p>Up until 1955 certain administrative responsibilities, such as the selection of the hospital Superintendent and the enactment of rules and regulations governing the hospital were vested in the Board of Trustees of the Harrisburg State Hospital. In 1955 an amendment to the Administrative Code authorized the Department of Public Welfare to assume administrative responsibilities for the Harrisburg State Hospital, relegating its Board of Trustees to specific advisory duties. This act also provided for the appointment of a Commissioner of Mental Health in the Department of Public Welfare who assumed overall responsibility for Pennsylvania&#39;s mental health program.</p><br>
<p>Like other institutions Harrisburg State Hospital’s patient population began to fall in the late 20th century. This was due to new medicines being developed and finally deinstitutionalization. The hospital was finally closed on January 27, 2006. Today (2008) the hospital sits on a 200 acre campus with stately buildings in a country setting, in Dauphin County, with a majority of its campus in Susquehanna Township. There are over fifty buildings still located on the campus. The former hospital facility now provides office space for many state agencies.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>The TV series Ghost Lab filmed an episode at the hospital which aired in the Fall of 2010 during the second season on the Discovery Channel.</p><br>
<p>The film Another Harvest Moon was filmed at the hospital and was released on August 7th, 2009.</p><br>
<p>The film, Girl, Interrupted was filmed at the hospital as well as other various locations in and around Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. The hospital settings were meant to resemble those of the grounds of McLean Hospital in Massachusetts. (Note: The Administration signs hanging in the car port of the Administration Building are not original to the hospital, they were created for the movie and the hospital staff left them up after the shooting was complete.)</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake is a large lake in central Alberta, Canada. The resort town of Sylvan Lake is established on the shores of the lake, west of the city of Red Deer.</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake is a mesotrophic lake with a total area of 42.8 km&sup2, and a maximum depth of 18.3 m. It lies at an elevation of 974 m.</p><br>
<h2>Development and conservation</h2><br>
<p>Six communities are developed adjacent to the shores of Sylvan Lake. The Town of Sylvan Lake is located on the southeast shore, while five summer villages &ndash; Sunbreaker Cove, Birchcliff, Jarvis Bay, Norglenwold and Half Moon Bay &ndash; are adjacent to the lake&#39;s northeast and southwest shores.</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake is one of the most popular recreational areas in Alberta, with over 1.5 million visitors per year. Water based recreational activities include boating, dragon boat racing, swimming, windsurfing, water skiing in summer and ice fishing, skating and snowmobiling during the winter months. Wild Rapids Waterslides, formerly one of the largest waterslide parks in Alberta, is located on the shore of the lake within the Town of Sylvan Lake, but has ceased operations as of 2016.</p><br>
<p>Sylvan Lake Provincial Park and Jarvis Bay Provincial Park are established on the eastern shores.</p><br>
<p>San Vicente  is a stratovolcano in central El Salvador. It is located next to the town of San Vicente  and is the second highest volcano in El Salvador. In the indigenous language Nahuat, Chichontepec means the mountain of the two breasts, because its double summit resembles a woman&#39;s bosom. The volcano has two craters, one located in each summit, although not exactly at the top. Dense vegetation covers both summits. Numerous hot springs and fumaroles are found on the northern and western flanks of the volcano. To the northeast, at 820 metres in a ravine of 180 metres longitude, there are fumaroles—fountains of clear and muddy water or small volcanoes of mud.</p><br>
<p>The last significant eruption occurred more than 1,700 years ago. The volcano may have had a very long history of repeated, and sometimes violent, eruptions, and at least once a large section of the volcano collapsed in a massive landslide.</p><br>
<p>On August 9, 1995, Aviateca Flight 901 crashed at the volcano, killing all 65 people on board.</p><br>
<p>Lake Ilopango is a crater lake which fills a scenic 8 by 11 km  volcanic caldera in central El Salvador, on the borders of the San Salvador, La Paz, and Cuscatlán departments. The caldera, which contains the second largest lake in the country and is immediately east of the capital city, San Salvador, has a scalloped 100 m to 500 m high rim. Any surplus drains via the Jiboa River to the Pacific Ocean. The lake is known for being a possible source for the extreme weather events of 535–536. The local military airbase, Ilopango International Airport, has annual airshows where international pilots from all over the world fly over San Salvador City and Ilopango lake.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Four major dacitic - rhyolitic eruptions occurred during the late Pleistocene and Holocene, producing pyroclastic flows and tephra that blanketed much of the country.</p><br>
<p>The caldera collapsed most recently sometime between 410 and 535 AD (based on radiocarbon dating of plant life directly related to the eruption), which produced widespread pyroclastic flows and devastated Mayan cities. The eruption produced about 25 km3 of tephra (20 times as much as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens), thus rating a 6 on the (VEI) Volcanic Explosivity Index. The "ash-cloud fallout blanketed an area of at least 10,000 square kilometres waist-deep in pumice and ash", which would have stopped all agricultural endeavor in the area for decades. There is an opinion that this eruption caused the extreme weather events of 535–536 in Europe.</p><br>
<p>Later eruptions formed several lava domes within the lake and near its shore. The only historical eruption, which occurred from December 31, 1879, up to March 26, 1880, produced a lava dome and had a VEI of 3. The lava dome reached the surface of the lake, forming the islets known as Islas Quemadas.</p><br>
<p>Pigeon Lake is a lake in central Alberta, Canada that straddles the boundary between Leduc County and the County of Wetaskiwin No. 10. It is located close to Edmonton, Leduc and Wetaskiwin. Communities located along the lakeshore include Pigeon Lake Indian Reserve 138A, ten summer villages , and four unincorporated communities .</p><br>
<p>The lake has a total area of 96.7 km&sup2; and a maximum depth of 9.1 m. It has a catchment area of 187 km&sup2, and is an early tributary of the Battle River, to which it is connected through the Pigeon Lake Creek.</p><br>
<p>Pigeon Lake was previously called "Woodpecker Lake", from Hmi-hmoo (or Ma-Me-O), the Cree word for woodpecker. The name was changed to Pigeon Lake in 1858.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The Pigeon Lake Provincial Park is established on the western shore of the lake and is accessed from Highway 771. The Pigeon Lake Watershed Association promotes protection of the lake and beneficial management practices in its watershed.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>Pigeon Lake is one of the most intensely used recreational areas in Alberta, with 10 summer villages, 4 unincorporated communities, and over 2,300 private cottages along its shores. The summer villages include Argentia Beach, Crystal Springs, Golden Days, Grandview, Itaska Beach, Ma-Me-O Beach, Norris Beach, Poplar Bay, Silver Beach and Sundance Beach. The unincorporated communities include Fisher Home, Mission Beach, Mulhurst Bay and Village at Pigeon Lake. A fifth unincorporated community, Westerose, is located 0.5 km to the south of the lake on Highway 13.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The lake and its communities are accessed along Highway 13 on the south side, Highway 771 on the west side, Highway 616 on the north side, and Highway 778 on the east side.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>Concerns over frequency and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms has prompted study of the lake and its watershed. Water sampling was undertaken to characterize water quality, sediment quality, and non-fish biota. This data was then used to create a nutrient budget for lake and to undertake a model to explore future management options.</p><br>
<p>The watershed community is working to address the sources of external nutrients entering the lake, collaboratively led by the Pigeon Lake Watershed Association and the Alliance of Pigeon Lake Municipalities. Outputs to date include a model land use bylaw for development and redevelopment of land within 0.8 km of the shoreline, healthy lake lawn maintenance and work on runoff, which is the source of nearly half of the lake&#39;s external nutrients.</p><br>
<p>Wolf Island or Wenman Island is a small island in the Galápagos Islands and was named after the German geologist Theodor Wolf, who also has the volcano Wolf on Isabela Island named after him. It has an area of 1.3 km&sup2; and a maximum altitude of 253 m above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The island is remote from the main island group and has no permanent population, the Galápagos National Park does not allow landing on the island, however it is a popular diving location. The group formed by Darwin Island and Wolf was previously known as Culpepper and Wenman.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Wolf Island is the remains of an extinct volcano that reaches a maximum 253 m above sea level, it is situated north west of the main Galápagos Island group on the Wolf-Darwin Lineament that extends from the Galápagos Platform to the Galápagos Spreading Center, a mid ocean ridge separating the Nazca and Cocos tectonic plates. Like its near neighbour Darwin Island, Wolf Island is upstream of the magma plume, in terms of plate movement, that forms the main Galápagos Islands and does not fit in with the formation of those islands. There are currently two theories on the formation of the lineament and therefore Wolf island: the first is that magma rising from the mantle plume forming the main Galápagos Islands has been channelled towards the Galápagos Spreading Center; alternatively there has been a separate rise in magma caused by stress in the ocean lithosphere by a transform fault.</p><br>
<p>Wolf Island is the southerly island on the lineament. The volcano that formed Wolf Island is now extinct with last eruptions believed to have been 900,000&ndash;1,600,000 years ago, meaning the last eruptions occurred before the last eruptions on Darwin Island. The volcanic history of Wolf is complex, with at least two major eruptive phases. The southern area of the island is formed from flat basalt layers from two eruptive phases, the second of which formed a caldera that has now eroded. The lavas formed have been plagioclase ultraphyric basalts with large 4 cm crystals. This chemical makeup is similar to those found in lavas from the northern Galápagos Islands. The extent of the ultraphyric flows make up an unusually large percentage of the volume. There is large variation in the composition of the lavas between eruptive phases, with later flows being depleted.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Wolf Island is part of the Galápagos National Park, however, it is not accessible to land visits. Like its neighbour, Darwin, it is open to visits by scuba divers. The marine life of Wolf Island includes: schooling hammerhead, Galápagos and occasionally whale sharks, as well as green turtles, manta rays and other pelagic fish.</p><br>
<p>Birdlife on the island is abundant with frigatebirds; red-footed boobies and vampire finchs.</p><br>
<p>The House of Refuge at Gilberts Bar, also known as Gilberts Bar House of Refuge, the House of Refuge Museum, or simply the House of Refuge, is an historic building located at 301 S.E. MacArthur Boulevard, on Hutchinson Island east of Stuart, Florida. It is the oldest surviving building in Martin County.</p><br>
<p>This House of Refuge is the last remaining of the original dozen shipwreck life-saving stations on Floridas Atlantic Coast. Built in 1876 to help stranded sailors, its long colorful history spans nearly 70 years. Today it is owned by the Martin County government and leased to the Martin County Historical Society, which operates it as a museum exhibiting life-saving equipment used over the years and showcasing the keepers quarters. On May 3, 1974, the House of Refuge was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>House of Refuge at Gilbert&#39;s Bar</p><br>
<p>(added 1974 - Building - #74000651)</p><br>
<p>Also known as Gilbert&#39;s Bar House of Refuge</p><br>
<p>North of Bathtub Beach on Hutchinson Island east of Stuart, Florida, Stuart</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Event</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Social History</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 1875-1899</p><br>
<p>Owner: Local Gov&#39;t</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Domestic, Government</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Hotel, Public Works</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Museum, Research Facility</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The House of Refuge is situated on the coastal rocks of the Anastasia Formation, one of the most prominent geologic outcroppings along the entire Eastern seaboard. The house was one of ten houses of refuge commissioned by the USA Treasury Department for the United States Life-Saving Service as havens for shipwrecked sailors and travelers along the barren east coast of Florida. It is the only one that remains today.</p><br>
<p>It offered shelter to the survivors of the Georges Valentine shipwreck in 1904. Captain William E. Rea was the Keeper of the House of Refuge at the time and aided the seven survivors. On October 17, during the same storm the Spanish ship Cosme Calzado wrecked three miles north of the Georges Valentine, but fifteen of the sixteen men survived. The surviving crew joined the survivors of the Georges Valentine at the House of Refuge. The men later returned home via Jacksonville, Florida except for one: Edward Sarkenglov remained and became a local fisherman. Captain Rea and his wife lived in the House of Refuge until May 1907.</p><br>
<p>The facility also served as a lookout for enemy submarines in World War II. It was saved by the Historical Society of Martin County in 1955, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>With the permission of the Martin County Historical Society, Florida Ghost Team investigated this historic site in 2004. There were a couple of events during the investigation that rose suspicion of some paranormal activity.</p><br>
<h2>Museum exhibits</h2><br>
<p>The House of Refuge provides a look at turn of the 20th century living along the coast. Areas available for public viewing are the boathouse, kitchen, dining room, parlor, bedroom and a lookout tower constructed during World War II. New exhibit space includes a timeline of Hutchinson Island dating from 2000 BC to the hurricanes of 2004.</p><br>
<p>Silver How is a fell in the English Lake District, standing over the village of Grasmere. How, derived from the Old Norse word haugr, is a common local term for a hill or mound.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Silver How forms part of the Blea Rigg ridge and would be considered just another of the many tops on that fell, were it not for Wainwright&#39;s decision to accord it a separate chapter in his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells.</p><br>
<p>West of Silver How the ridge gains in height over a series of tops, principally Lang How, Swinescar Pike, Little Castle How and Great Castle How, toward Blea Rigg. South and then east of the summit, the ridge narrows and drops to the wooded depression of Red Bank, before rising to its terminus on Loughrigg.</p><br>
<p>The eastern slopes of Silver How above Grasmere are steep and carry trees to the intake wall at half height, the final rise to the summit being craggy. It is this aspect of the fell, seen to great effect from the lake of Grasmere, which has made it so popular with walkers and photographers where a number of footpaths cross the ridge. There are also crags on the southern side of the ridge, overlooking Chapel Stile in Great Langdale.</p><br>
<p>The Grasmere flank is drained by Wray Gill, which forms the northern boundary of the fell as it sweeps around to make a direct entry into the lake. Meg&#39;s Gill, a tributary of Great Langdale Beck, marks the eastern edge, dropping through a ravine above Elterwater village.</p><br>
<p>Below the fell&#39;s eastern extremity of Dow Bank, the depression of Red Bank carries a road from Grasmere to Langdale, a scenic route between the two. Near the road summit is High Close Youth Hostel, set amid woodland.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>There are numerous paths on the fell, which added to the large selection of rounded tops can make navigation confusing. The true summit, marked by a large tumbled cairn, sits directly above Grasmere and provides fine all-round views. Grasmere and its valley provide the highlight, backed by the Fairfield horseshoe. The Langdale Pikes and Coniston Fells are also well seen.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Ascents are possible from Grasmere, Chapel Stile, Elterwater and High Close, the climber being spoilt for choice by countless variations. The Grasmere approaches provide fine scenery throughout, whilst that from Elterwater starts in more dreary surroundings. The ascent from Chapel Stile is actually the shortest. Silver How can be combined with Blea Rigg to give a longer walk, making New Dungeon Ghyll (Great Langdale) another possible starting point.</p><br>
<p>Cheyyaru River is an important seasonal river that runs through the Thiruvannamalai District of the state of Tamil Nadu in South India. It is a tributary of Palar River, a river which originates in Jawadhu Hills and flows through Thiruvannamalai district before emptying into the Bay of Bengal. The river receives most of its water from the Northeast and Southwest monsoons and is the major source of irrigation for several villages, including the towns of Cheyyaru and Vandavasi along its bank.</p><br>
<h2>Temples</h2><br>
<p>An ancient temple, the Vedapureeswarar Temple anciently known as Vedhanadeshwarar temple situated on the bank of the river at Cheyyar town. There is a legend that Thirugnana Sambandar, one of the four great saivite saints, visited the temple and changed a male palm tree to a female palm tree which can yield palm fruit by singing verses in Tamil. The ancient name for Cheyyaru river is Sei Aaru (Child river) meaning that the river is created for a child to play. Legend says that Goddess Parvathi (Balakusalambigai or Ilamulainayagi) made a line on the earth&#39;s surface with her Trisul to make a river for her son, Lord Muruga to play.</p><br>
<p>The river is still believed to be a Holy River even today in Cheyyar and its surrounding villages.</p><br>
<p>The Benjamin Ferguson House is a historic home located in the southwest of Charlestown, Indiana. It was built by Ferguson in 1816, and is a two-story, Federal style brick dwelling with a one-story rear wing. Also on the property is a contributing shed with fruit cellar and the original well.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Ferguson was an attorney living in Clark County, Indiana, at the time of Indianas statehood in 1816. In 1824 he became an associate justice of the Clark Circuit Court. He was nominated for the position of state senator in 1838 by those who did not want Clark Countys county seat to be moved to Jeffersonville, Indiana, from Charlestown. Ferguson lost, but the county seat remained in Charlestown for the next 40 years, as the Indiana state legislature did not want to change it.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Pinkham Notch  is a mountain pass in the White Mountains of north-central New Hampshire, United States. The notch is a result of extensive erosion by the Laurentide ice sheet during the Wisconsinian ice age. Pinkham Notch was eroded into a glacial U-shaped valley whose walls are formed by the Presidential, Wildcat, and Carter-Moriah ranges. Due to the volatility of the area&#39;s climate and rugged character of the terrain, a number of rare or endemic ecosystems have developed throughout the notch.</p><br>
<p>The notch was discovered in 1784 by Jeremy Belknap, but its isolation prevented further development for several years. The construction of New Hampshire Route 16 has led to increased accessibility and a rise in tourism. Its location makes it a hub for hiking and skiing.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The notch separates the Presidential Range, which forms the western wall, from the Wildcat Range, which forms the eastern wall. Two rivers drain the notch; the Ellis River drains the south end and is a tributary of the Saco, and the Peabody River drains the north end and is a tributary of the Androscoggin.</p><br>
<p>The eastern slope of the notch consists of the Wildcat and Carter-Moriah Ranges, slightly lower than the Presidential Range to the west. The Wildcat Range consists of five peaks, named A, B, C, D, and E from northeast to southwest in order of height. Wildcat A is the highest, at 4,422 ft. As the notch rounds E peak, the slope becomes extremely steep, and Wildcat Ridge begins to drop to the end of the notch.</p><br>
<p>The Carter-Moriah Range lies to the north of Wildcat Ridge, forming the eastern side of Pinkham Notch all the way to the Androscoggin River. From south to north, the peaks overlooking the notch are Carter Dome (4,832 ft / 1,473 m), Mount Hight (4,675 ft / 1,425 m), South Carter Mountain (4,420 ft / 1,347 m), Middle Carter Mountain (4,600 ft / 1,402 m), North Carter Mountain (4,530 ft / 1,381 m), Imp Mountain (3,720 ft / 1,134 m), and Mount Moriah (4,049 ft / 1,234 m).</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>The climate, and as a result, the flora and fauna, of Pinkham Notch varies greatly with elevation. As elevations increase on the walls of the notch, climate and ecosystems change to those of increasingly northern occurrence. Biomes range from a low-elevation northern hardwood forest at the base of Mount Washington to alpine-Arctic vegetation near the summit comparable to vegetation found at the latitude of Labrador.</p><br>
<h3>Below 2500 ft. — Northern hardwood forest</h3><br>
<p>The lowest elevations of Pinkham Notch are occupied by a northern hardwood forest. This forest type is primarily deciduous and consists mostly of sugar maple, American beech, and yellow birch. There is also a proliferation of understory and forest floor plants; common examples include wild sarsaparilla, painted trillium, hobblebush, and Indian cucumber-root.</p><br>
<p>The northern hardwood forest also contains the greatest diversity of animal life in the notch. Mammals include chipmunks, raccoons, white-tailed deer, black bears, and moose. There are also a large number of birds in this forest; frequently seen are red-eyed vireos, hermit thrushes, and ovenbirds. Amphibians are also found in the northern hardwood forest. Red efts, the terrestrial stage of development for the red-spotted newt, congregate in large numbers after heavy rains; also present are American toads, spring peepers, and wood frogs.</p><br>
<p>At around 2,000 ft, species from higher forest zones begin to mix with the northern hardwoods in what is known as the "transition zone". As elevation within this zone increases, species from the lower hardwood forest begin to drop out. By 2,500 ft, yellow birch is the only deciduous species that remains, and the forest becomes a spruce-fir forest.</p><br>
<h3>2500 ft. to 4000 ft. — Spruce/fir forest</h3><br>
<p>As elevation increases, the forest is subjected to colder temperatures, increased moisture, and acidic, infertile soils. As a result, conifers, or "softwoods" become the dominant species. Two trees, red spruce and balsam fir, are present throughout this zone, with paper birch, striped maple and mountain ash present in its lower levels. Like the hardwood forest below it, the spruce-fir forest also holds understory plants; commonly found are wood sorrel, Indian pipes, Canada mayflowers, and bluebead lilies. Fungi are also common in the moist environment.</p><br>
<p>Most of the animals in the spruce-fir forest have ranges that extend into the balsam fir forest higher up. Warblers are abundant; more than ten species exist in this forest type. Other common birds include brown-capped chickadees, spruce grouse, and yellow-capped woodpeckers. Mammals include the red squirrel and the pine marten.</p><br>
<h3>4000 ft. to timberline — Balsam fir forest</h3><br>
<p>As elevation continues to increase, only the hardiest trees remain in the forest, which is composed almost exclusively of balsam fir. Most of the understory plants and animals from the upper spruce-fir zone, however, can be found in this forest. Moisture causes nutrients to be stripped from the soil and brought to lower elevations, and decomposition takes place at a rate that is too slow to replenish them.</p><br>
<p>In the upper reaches of the balsam fir zone, winds and temperatures are extreme enough to force the trees into stunted, "bonsai-like" shapes. Known as krummholz, from the German word for "crooked wood", trees in this area are often bent into bizarre shapes by the combined effects of wind, temperature, and airborne ice particles. Branches that are perpendicular to the prevailing winds are often killed, leaving "flag trees" that point in the direction of the wind. Eventually, conditions become extreme enough to prevent any tree growth; the elevation at which this occurs is known as tree line, and usually occurs at around 4,500 ft (1,400 m) in the White Mountains, depending on wind exposure.</p><br>
<h3>Above timberline — The alpine zone</h3><br>
<p>On the highest slopes of the west wall of the notch, trees are unable to grow, and an "alpine zone" of alpine-Arctic vegetation exists. Vegetation in this zone tends to be lichens, sedges or small, low-lying plants that can resist the constant exposure to the wind. Most plants in this area are perennial; the growing season is far too short to allow for annuals.</p><br>
<p>Alpine plants usually occur in communities spaced between barren talus slopes. Cushion-shaped Diapensia lapponica usually grows in communities in the windiest areas, and in less exposed sites sedge, heath, snowbank, and alpine bog communities can be found.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pinkham Notch was originally a riverine, "V-shaped" valley until the Laurentide Ice Sheet shaped it into its current form, a "U-shaped" valley. This shaping occurred during the Wisconsinian Ice Age, 25–50,000 years ago. The geology of the region became greatly altered by this event; much of the weaker rock was stripped from the region, leaving only highly-resistant mica schist. As the glaciers retreated, a layer of glacial till was deposited, including several glacial erratics. A notable glacial erratic in the area is Mount Washington&#39;s Glen Boulder.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, logging began in the Pinkham area. After almost total deforestation of the White Mountain region, the White Mountain National Forest was created in 1911, and the Mount Washington area was added to the national forest in 1914. With the preservation of the area, emphasis shifted from logging to recreation. The Appalachian Mountain Club converted a logging camp near the height-of-land into what is now the Pinkham Notch Visitor Center in 1921. The Appalachian Trail was built through the visitor center, making it an important trailhead for ascents of Mount Washington. Meanwhile, ski trails began to be constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps on Wildcat Mountain, and the ski resort was opened in 1958.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Pinkham Notch is easily accessible by New Hampshire Route 16. Numerous opportunities for recreation exist in the area.</p><br>
<h3>Hiking</h3><br>
<p>Mount Washington is a common objective, and is often climbed from Pinkham Notch. There are numerous trail approaches from the Appalachian Mountain Clubs visitors center. Although trail distances seem short, the trip to the summit should not be underestimated; most trail approaches involve at least 4,000 vertical feet (1,200 m) of climbing, including an ascent of the rocky summit cone and the boulder-strewn upper slopes. Weather changes very quickly, and one must be prepared for extreme conditions. The Tuckerman Ravine Trail is the most popular trail in the notch, ascending to the summit via the headwall of Tuckerman Ravine. The Huntington Ravine Trail is widely considered the most difficult trail in New Hampshire, making its way up the precipitous headwall of neighboring Huntington Ravine, where there are several rock climbing opportunities.</p><br>
<p>On the other side of the notch, the Wildcat Range is a popular objective. The five summits can be reached via the Wildcat Ridge Trail; the first two miles are extremely difficult, and require skill on short, yet exposed, rock scrambles. This part of the trail is frequently bypassed by following the ski area&#39;s Polecat Trail to the summit of D Peak.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail, which extends over 2,150 mi from Georgia to Maine, runs along the Presidential Range before crossing the notch and ascending to the summits of the Wildcat Range.</p><br>
<p>There are also less challenging hikes that are equally scenic, yet better suited for families with young children. Popular objectives include Glen Ellis Falls, a waterfall on the Ellis River, and Square Ledge, with an impressive view of Mount Washington for modest effort.</p><br>
<h3>Skiing</h3><br>
<p>For Nordic skiing, Great Glen Trails offers a large, groomed trail system that also includes the lower half of the Auto Road. Several warming huts are scattered around the trail system, including scenic Great Angel Cabin, with views of the Great Gulf and surrounding peaks. Great Glen also permits biking on the trails during the summer, and is the only mountain bike facility in the notch. Another cross-country trail system exists in the town of Jackson, extending as far as the summit of Wildcat Mountain.</p><br>
<p>The Cold Spring Presbyterian Church, located on Seashore Road in the Cold Spring section of Cape May, in Cape May County, New Jersey, United States, is a historic two-story church on the National Register of Historic Places. The current church building, known as "Old Brick", was constructed in 1823 by Thomas H. Hughes, who was also the architect of Congress Hall in Cape May, New Jersey. This red brick building replaced a frame and shingle church erected in 1764, which itself replaced a 1714 log meetinghouse., reprinted in "The First Resort," Ben Miller, Exit Zero Publishing, 2009, Cape May, New Jersey. The church&#39;s cemetery is the site of a 1742 grave  and of the most Mayflower descendants anywhere outside Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1714, following the settlement of the area by Connecticut Presbyterians. The first regular pastor was the Rev. John Bradner, who served from 1715 until 1721, when he moved to Goshen in Orange County, New York. The Rev. Hughston Hughes served as pastor for one year, starting in 1726, before being dismissed for "his too free use of intoxicating drinks."</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Samuel Finley served as pastor for several years. Finley, who was a graduate of the Log College, later became president of the College of New Jersey, the predecessor of Princeton University. Another Log College graduate, the Rev. Daniel Lawrence, served as pastor from 1752 until his death in 1766. His tombstone in the adjacent graveyard was inscribed</p><br>
<p>The two hundredth anniversary of the church was celebrated on August 16, 1914. John Wanamaker, who attended when a child, contributed generously to the endowment fund. President Woodrow Wilson sent a congratulatory letter.</p><br>
<h2>Burials in the cemetery</h2><br>
<p>T. Millet Hand (1902–1956), represented New Jersey&#39;s 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1945–1957.</p><br>
<p>J. Thompson Baker (1847–1919), represented New Jersey&#39;s 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1913–1915.</p><br>
<p>Thomas H. Hughes (1769–1839), represented New Jersey&#39;s at-large congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1829–1833.</p><br>
<p>Charles W. Sandman, Jr. (1921–1985), represented New Jersey&#39;s 2nd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1913–1915.</p><br>
<p>Edgar Page Stites (1836–1921), Hymn Writer.</p><br>
<p>Lieutenant Richard Wickes (died June 29, 1776) American Revolutionary War, mortally wounded at the Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet.</p><br>
<p>The Portage Canal was built to connect the Fox River and Wisconsin River at Portage, Wisconsin along the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway. For a time, it completed a route from the north Atlantic Ocean, through the St. Lawrence Seaway and down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, and back to the Atlantic.</p><br>
<p>Numerous attempts were made to build the thin Wisconsin-Fox connection through the marshy land, beginning in 1837 with the formation of the Portage Canal Company. Digging and hauling by hand through two and a half miles of muddy terrain, the project was quickly abandoned. A second project, started in 1849, managed to cut a path usable by canoe, but not viable for commerce. The final project, complete with locks to raise the water level of the Fox to that of the Wisconsin&#39;s, was not completed until 1876 by the Army Corps of Engineers. Unfortunately, by then, the railroads were quick on their way, followed soon thereafter by the automobile.</p><br>
<p>The Portage Canal acquired a new steel gate and concrete lock in 1926 due to a rupture of the 1876 wooden gate and the quoin post of the west gate of the lock in April 1926. A local contractor, M.E. White Company of Chicago, Illinois was awarded the bid, August 1926. The firm completed the repairs of lock and replace of the 1876 wooden gate under the supervision of the U. S Army Corps of Engineers, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The 1926 Portage Canal Lock was the first steel and concrete lock on the Fox River. The subcontractor for the steel gate was the Lakeside Bridge and Steel Company of Wisconsin. During the re-construction process the Engineers were faced with containing underground springs beneath the lock, which caused considerable delays. The White Construction Co. repaired the fallen wall and dismantled the remaining wall of the lock, which were re-laid, and constructed according to the original configurations of the 1876 construction. The White Construction Company used 9,000 barrels of Portland cement in order for the locks completion. The canal lock and new gate were completed in the May 1928.</p><br>
<p>The use of the canal as a major means of commerce lasted only a few decades, though pleasure craft, including steamboats, continued to ply the narrow waterway. In following years, the canal began to degrade through lack of upkeep. The canal was used until 1951, when the Fort Winnebago Lock was bulldozed in and the Wisconsin River Locks were welded shut.</p><br>
<p>Currently, water pumps provide the only substantial flow and aeration. Continued attempts have been made to restore the remainder of the canal to its original condition and the Portage Canal Society continues to try to raise funds and make improvements. In the fall of 2015, ground was broken along the eastern part of the downtown section to construct government offices and is expected to be completed and open in 2017.</p><br>
<p>Lamoka Lake, previously known as Mud Lake, is a small crescent-shaped lake in the western part of New York state. The lake is located at the border of Schuyler County and Steuben County. Most of the lake is in Schuyler County with only a small part, called "Mill Pond," at the southwest corner in Steuben County.</p><br>
<p>North of Lamoka Lake is another lake called Waneta Lake, previously known as "Little Lake", which is linked to Lamoka Lake by a short channel. Both Lamoka Lake and Waneta Lake are east of Keuka Lake, one of the Finger Lakes, however they are not part of the Finger Lakes drainage system. While the Finger Lakes drain north into the St. Lawrence River system, Lamoka and Waneta Lakes drain south into Mill Pond, then Mud Creek, and then to the Cohocton River in the Susquehanna River system.</p><br>
<p>The area is the location of a significant archeological site, the Lamoka Site, which, according to the National Park Service, "provided the first clear evidence of an Archaic hunting and gathering culture in the Northeastern United States (c.3500 BC)". The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>The lake is well-stocked with a variety of fish, including several species of panfish. Public boat launching ramps are available for each lake. Fish species present in the lake include pickerel, muskellunge, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, common sunfish, bluegill, rock bass, black crappie, yellow perch, brown bullhead, and carp. There is access via a concrete ramp boat launch into the channel between Lamoka Lake and Waneta Lake, located off County Route 23.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lamoka Culture was a late Archaic period native culture that subsisted primarily by hunting and gathering. The Lamoka People lived in central New York and northern Pennsylvania from about 3500 to 1300 BCE.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological excavations at the Lamoka Lake Site &ndash; which was named a National Historic Landmark in 1961 &ndash; revealed that they lived part of the year in small houses. Tool survival indicates that hunting and fishing were important activities.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Lamoka Lake is located at 42&deg;24&prime;23&Prime;N latitude, 77&deg;04&prime;41&Prime;W longitude, in the Towns of Tyrone and Orange in Schuyler County, and Bradford in Steuben County. The lake is northeast of Bath and northwest of Watkins Glen.</p><br>
<p>New York State Route 226 passes close by the eastern shore of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Communities</p><br>
<p>Bradford, Town of Bradford</p><br>
<p>Tyrone, Town of Tyrone</p><br>
<p>Weston, Town of Tyrone.</p><br>
<h2>Physiography</h2><br>
<p>The surface of the lake is 1,100 feet (335 m) above sea level and the maximum depth is 40 feet (10 m). The total surface area is 824 acre, bounded by about eleven miles (18 km) of shoreline. The water is slightly alkaline.</p><br>
<p>Grey Towers Castle is a building on the campus of Arcadia University in Glenside, Pennsylvania which is in Cheltenham Township, a suburb of Philadelphia, USA. The castle was designed by Horace Trumbauer and built starting in 1893 as the estate of William Welsh Harrison. The university  purchased the estate in 1929 for $712,500, equal to $ today. Classes were split between the two locations until 1962, when the school moved all of its operations to the Glenside area. The castle was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985 for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1891, William Welsh Harrison, co-owner of the Franklin Sugar Refinery, purchased Rosedale Hall from J. Thomas Audenreid. By 1891, Harrison had expanded his estate to 138 acre and decided to expand the house and add a gate house and more adequate stables. He employed the skills of 23-year-old architect Horace Trumbauer, who completed the stables and gate house in 1892.</p><br>
<p>In 1893, the main house of Rosedale Hall burned to the ground in a raging fire, during which the Harrison family fled to the stables for safety. Afterward, the family moved into the gatehouse, while Trumbauer was again employed to build a new home on the site. By March 1893, Trumbauer presented Harrison with plans for a grandiose mansion, inspired by Alnwick Castle, the medieval seat of the Dukes of Northumberland. The new house would include all the most modern conveniences of the time, and the cost was estimated at $250,000, equal to $ today. Work was underway by the end of 1893. The construction took five years.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Grey Towers Castle is designed in a highly eclectic yet elegant fashion, taking inspiration from a variety of styles, periods, and buildings. The house is built of grey stone quarried at nearby Chestnut Hill, and Indiana limestone is used for exterior door and window trim, and other elements, such as the various gargoyles.</p><br>
<p>The interiors of the castle reflect various French styles ranging from Renaissance through Louis XV. The massive twin mantles in the Great Hall are interpretations of a Renaissance mantle in the Salle des Gardes, in the Francis I wing of Château de Blois. The Library, now the President&#39;s office, and the Dining room, both on the south side of the Great Hall, contain many elements reminiscent of French Renaissance decoration. The walnut cabinetry and plaster friezes in the Library and the columns and caraytids and strapwork ceiling in the Dining room are inspired by interiors of the Château de Fontainebleau.</p><br>
<p>On the north side of the Great Hall lay the Mirror Room and the Drawing Room, now known as the Rose Room. It is thought that the entirety of the Mirror Room was ordered at the New York office of a French firm, then crafted in France and shipped to Glenside, along with workers, to be installed. The ceiling was painted by François Lafon, and depicts the four seasons as women, accompanied by cupids, with the path of the Zodiac behind them.</p><br>
<p>In the Great Hall, which rises three stories to a grand barrel vaulted and gilded ceiling, the Grand Staircase leads to a large landing, which contains the Music Room. The ceiling was originally painted in a Renaissance style, but all that remains is the painting in the spaces of the archway, through which the room is accessed. Above the wainscoting of the Music Room, large tapestries depict Euterpe, the Muse of Music. All the tapestries in Grey Towers were provided by William Baumgarten & Co, Inc. of New York City. On each floor there is a balcony which rings the Great Hall, and tapestries line all of these spaces.</p><br>
<p>Upon completion, Grey Towers was one of the largest homes in the country, with forty rooms. The eclectic and grandiose style attracted attention to the young Horace Trumbauer, who began a successful career, which included the construction of the Philadelphia Museum of Art and many other houses and buildings in the Philadelphia area.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>William Welsh Harrison died in 1927, and in 1929 Beaver College (now Arcadia University), then located in Jenkintown, purchased the estate from his widow for $712,500. Classes were split between the two locations until 1962, when the college moved permanently to the Grey Towers property. The castle currently houses the Offices of Admissions, Enrollment Management, and Financial Aid, and the office of the president. The vast bedrooms on the third floor are used as housing for students.</p><br>
<p>The castle, designated a National Historic Landmark in 1985, is much-loved by the students and staff of the University. The student group "Society for Castle Restoration" is dedicated to preserving the landmark and its history. There are many stories and myths surrounding the building and the Harrison family. According to legend, Mr. Harrison and his wife did not get along well, and eventually each lived in his own side of the house. Mr. Harrison was thought to have had relations with many different female servants. In one of the third-floor bedrooms, a mirror above the fireplace mantle had to be replaced because of a large crack. Yet, every time it is replaced it cracks soon after.</p><br>
<p>The castle is also rumored to have been built entirely without the use of nails. There are a series of underground tunnels connecting the main home to the then powerhouse of the estate, now Spruance hall. The tunnels from the Castle to Spruance hall became obstructed in 2010 during construction of a new commons. There remains one tunnel between the stables and the powerhouse, Murphy and Spruance hall respectively.</p><br>
<h2>Historic Buildings on the Estate</h2><br>
<p>From the time that the castle was built, there have been other buildings on the estate. These historic buildings (the ones that existed before Beaver College purchased the estate) that are still standing include Murphy Hall (previously the stables on the Harrison Estate), Blankley Hall (previously Blake Hall, so named by Beaver College, and the gatehouse on the Harrison Estate) and Spruance Hall (previously the engineer&#39;s building on the Harrison Estate).</p><br>
<p>Murphy Hall was once the stables, where the Harrison family kept their horses. After the initial purchase of the land by Beaver College, science labs were put in this building as well as a chapel in which the chorus sang. Murphy Memorial Hall was presented by Jane M. Murphy in memory of her husband William M. Murphy in 1929. At the time an organ was also donated and installed in chapel. The organ is now gone as it was damaged during renovations to the building in the 1980s. The building also included a gymnasium with a shooting range for the schools rifle team. Over the years, metalworking and ceramics studios were added, the gymnasium was removed and the science labs were moved elsewhere on campus. Currently, music and art classes are taught in Murphy Hall.</p><br>
<p>Blankley Hall was originally known as the gatehouse, where guests were greeted before taking the path (now the Alumni Walk of Pride) up to the Harrisons castle. After Beaver College purchased the estate, it was briefly used as student housing, and then as office space for university employees. It was named Blake Hall for a time, before being renamed Blankley Hall in 2005 in honor of one of Arcadias alumni. It is currently the location of Arcadia&#39;s Alumni Relations office.</p><br>
<p>Spruance Hall was used as a maintenance building for the Harrison estate. It was known as the engineers building, and there were many underground tunnels leading from this building to other places on the estate. Its most notable feature is a large smokestack. After Beaver College purchased the estate, the building was used for fashion and art classes. The building currently houses Arcadia Universitys theater, as well as an art studio and painting classroom.</p><br>
